REPORT ON THE CONSERVATION STATUS OF
Silene spaldingii. A CANDIDATE THREATENED SPECIES
Taxon Name:
Common Name;
Family:
States Where Taxon Occurs:
Current Federal Status:
Recommended Federal Status;
Author of Report:
Original Date of Report;
Date of Most Recent Revision
Individual to Whom Further
Information and Comments
Should be Sent;
Silene spaldinaii Wats.
Spalding's catchfly
Caryophyllaceae
U.S.A., Montana, Idaho,
Oregon; Canada, British
USFWS Notice of Review,
USFWS Notice of Review,
Lisa Ann Schassberger
22 December, 1988
N/A
J. Stephen Shelly
Montana Natural Heritage
State Library Building
1515 E. 6th Avenue
Helena, MT 59620
Washington,
Columbia
Category 2
Category 2
Program
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. SPECIES INFORMATION
1. Classification and nomenclature . 1
2. Present legal or other formal status . 2
3 . Description . 5
4. Significance . 6
5. Geographical distribution . 9
6. General environment and habitat description . 43
7. Population biology of the taxon . 50
8 . Population ecology of the taxon . 55
9. Current land ownership and management responsibility. 57
10. Management practices and experience . 58
11. Evidence of threats to survival . 59
II. ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
12. General assessment of vigor, trends, and status ... 59
13. Recommendations for listing or status change . 60
14. Recommended critical habitat . 60
15. Conservation/recovery recommendations . 60
16. Interested parties . 61
III. INFORMATION SOURCES
17. Sources of information . 63
18. Summary of materials on file . 64
IV. AUTHORSHIP
19. Initial authorship . 64
20. Maintenance of status report . 65
V. NEW INFORMATION
21. Record of revisions . 65
Literature Cited . 66
Appendix A . 68
Appendix B . .
Appendix C . .
Appendix D .
71
I.
SPECIES INFORMATION
1. Classification and nomenclature.
A. Species.
1. Scientific name.
a. Binomial: Silene spaldinaii Wats.
b. Full bibliographic citation: Watson, S.
1875. Revision of the genus Ceanothus .
and descriptions of new plants, with a
synopsis of the western species of Silene.
Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 333-350.
c. Type specimens: United States, probably
from near Clearwater, Idaho Co., Idaho.
Watson stated the type came from "on
Clearwater in central Idaho, Spalding."
The type itself bears the label
"Clearwater, Oregon, Rev. Mr. Spalding."
GH (Hitchcock and Maguire, 1947) .
2. Pertinent synonyms: None.
3. Common name: Spalding's catchfly
4. Taxon codes: PDCAROUISO (Montana, Oregon and
Idaho Natural Heritage programs); JN.L76
(Washington Natural Heritage Program) ; 5044
SILSPA, (U.S. Forest Service, Region 1)
5. Size of genus: Over 400 species, mostly of the
North Temperate Zone, and especially abundant
in Eurasia (Hitchcock et al., 1964).
B. Family classification.
1. Family name: Caryophyllaceae.
2. Pertinent family synonym: None.
3. Common names for the family: Pink Family,
Carnation Family.
C. Major plant group: Dicotyledoneae.
D. History of knowledge of taxon: silene spaldinaii
was first collected by Rev. Mr. Spalding prior to
1875. The exact location of collection is not
known. The label states "Clearwater, Oregon";
1
2
however, authorities believe its origin to be on the
Clearwater River in central Idaho (Hitchcock and
Maguire, 1947) . Populations are now known from
Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Also, one
plant was observed in British Columbia, Canada in
1988.
Silene ^ spaldingii was first collected in Montana by
R.S. Williams (995) in 1894. The label reads
"Columbia Falls." This site has been searched for,
but has never been relocated, and it is likely that
the population was lost as much of this area has
been converted for agricultural use. A second
collection by D. Lau (74-63) was made in the
vicinity of Niarada in 1974. This site has also
never been relocated (using the directions on the
collection label) , and the specimen is thought to be
mislabeled.
In 1983, Peter Lesica, working under contract with
the Montana Field Office of The Nature Conservancy,
located a population on Wild Horse Island in
Flathead Lake, and three populations in the vicinity
of Niarada. In 1985 two additional populations were
located in the Tobacco Valley. These latter sites
are 160 miles to the north of the Wild Horse
Island/Niarada populations.
In 1988, the Montana Natural Heritage Program was
contracted by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to
conduct a status survey of Silene spaldingii in
Montana (Project Agreement No. SE-5-P-1) . Under
subcontract, the author conducted field surveys on
18-29 July, 1988 in appropriate habitats from the
Canadian border (Tobacco Valley) south to Arlee,
Montana. Two new populations were discovered along
the flanks of the Hog Heaven Range, ca. 5 miles east
of Niarada. Additionally, a small subpopulation was
added to the Tobacco Plains North site (008) , and
one plant was observed in Canada.
E. Comments on current alternative taxonomic
treatments: There are no known current alternative
taxonomic treatments.
2. Present legal or other formal status.
A. International: None.
B. National.
3
1. United States.
a. Present designated or proposed legal
protection or regulation: Currently,
Silene spaldinaii is under notice of
review for potential listing as a
threatened species under the U.S.
Endangered Species Act of 1973 (U.S,
Department of Interior, 1985) .
Specifically, it is included in Category 2
(taxa for which information now in
possession of the Service indicates that
listing as a threatened or endangered
species is possibly appropriate, but for
which substantial data on biological
vulnerability and threats are not
currently known or on file to support
listing) .
b. Other current formal status
recommendations: Silene spaldinaii is
currently listed as "endangered throughout
range" (global rank = G2) by The Nature
Conservancy.
c. State.
1 . Montana .
a. Present designated or proposed
legal protection or regulation:
None.
b. Other current formal status
recommendations: Silene
spaldinaii is currently listed
as "critically endangered" in
Montana (state rank = SI) by the
Montana Natural Heritage Program
(Shelly, 1988).
c. Review of past status: The
Montana Rare Plant Project
(Lesica ^ aJL. , 1984)
recommended the status of S.
spaldinaii as threatened because
of its limited distribution, and
the threats posed by
agricultural and grazing
activities in the areas where
the plant is located.
Idaho.
a. Present designated or proposed
legal protection or regulation:
None.
b. Other current formal status
recommendations: Silene
spaldinaii is currently listed
as "critically endangered" in
Montana (state rank = SI) by the
Idaho Natural Heritage Program.
The Idaho Native Plant Society,
in the Region 4, Sensitive
Plant Program Handbook (U.S.
Dept, of Agriculture, 1988) ,
lists S. spaldinaii as
threatened or endangered
throughout all or a significant
part of its range.
c. Review of past status: The Rare
and Endangered Plants technical
committee of the Idaho Natural
Areas Council recommended the
status of S. spaldinaii as
"treat as threatened" ( = a
status given where the taxon
lacks adequate field study and
data) (U.S. Dept, of
Agriculture, 1981) .
Oregon.
a. Present designated or proposed
legal protection or regulation:
None.
b. Other current formal status
recommendations: Silene
spaldinaii is currently listed
as "critically endangered" in
Oregon (state rank = SI) by the
Oregon Natural Heritage Program.
c. Review of past status: Silene
spaldinaii was listed by the
Oregon Natural Area Preserves
Advisory Committee as 11b ( =
threatened or endangered
throughtout its range; known
from only a few widely disjunct
5
populations) (Siddal ^ al. .
1979) .
4. Washington.
a. Present designated or proposed
legal protection or regulation:
None.
b. Other current formal status
recommendations: Silene
spaldinqii is currently listed
as "endangered" in Washington
(state rank = S2) by the
Washington Natural Heritage
Program .
c. Review of past status: None
known .
3. Description.
A. General nontechnical description: Silene spaldinqii
is a tall, herbaceous perennial. From one to
several stems arise from a woody caudex. These
stems reach 8-24 inches in height, and bear 4-7
pairs of cauline leaves. The leaves are broadly
lance-shaped, 2-3 inches in length and up to 0.5
inch in width. The foliage is lightly to densely
covered with sticky hairs. Several to many flowers
form the inflorescence. Flowers are arranged in a
spiral, and positioned at right angles along the
tips of stems. The outer floral leaves, which are
fused for most of their length, form a flaring tube
about 0.5 inch long. Ten distinctive veins run
along the length of this tube. The claws of the
petals are also about 0.5 inch long, with the actual
petal blades only 0.08 inch long. Both the claw and
blade are white with a greenish tinge. Four, and
sometimes up to 6 very short petal-like appendages
are attached inside and just below each blade.
These are also greenish-white in color. This
species blooms in Montana in July and early August.
Later, small light brown, wrinkled seeds ripen
within a capsule.
B. Technical description: Villous-tomentose and more
or less viscid-pubescent perennial from a simple or
branched caudex, 2-6 dm. tall; cauline leaves 4-7
pairs, oblanceolate below to lanceolate above, 6-
7 cm. long, 0.5-1. 5 cm. broad, sessile and slightly
connate; flowers several to many in a leafy and
6
usually compact cyme; calyx tubular-campanulate,
about 15 mm. long at anthesis, becoming more nearly
clavate-campanulate in fruit, 10-nerved; corolla
white, the claw of the petals about 15 mm. long, not
auriculate above, the blade very short, ovate, about
2 mm. long, entire to shallowly emarginate;
appendages 4 (5 or 6) , ovate-lanceolate, about
0.5 mm. long; carpophore about 2 mm. long, glabrous;
styles 3; capsule 1-celled; seeds light brown, about
2 mm. long, corrugate-wrinkled and inflated.
Chromosome number 2N=24 (adapted from Hitchcock et
al., 1964).
C. Local field characters: In Montana this species is
usually found in swales or draws, often on north- to
east-facing slopes. Similar in appearance to many
of the more common Silene species, it is distinct
from them by its sticky villous hairs, long calyx
tube, and bilobate petals with 4-6 appendages.
Vegetatively , Silene scoulerl is similar to S.
spaldinqil; however, it has bilobate petals with
only two appendages. Silene cseri also overlaps in
range with S. spaldinqii . however it is an annual
species with long petal blades and the foliage is
not often sticky pubescent. Silene douqlasii is
similar in appearance to this species but has more
slender stems and leaves, and is rarely sticky
pubescent (Dorn, 1984). According to Hitchcock and
Maguire (1947), S. oreqana is quite similar to S.
spaldinqii with respect to the flowers; however, the
petal blade is deeply 4 lobed and much longer and
narrower in this species.
D. Identifying characteristics of material which is in
interstate or international commerce or trade: No
interstate or international commerce or trade is
known .
E. Photographs and line drawings: Figure 1, p. 7, is a
copy of illustrations that accompanied the
descriptions of this species Hitchcock et al.,
(1964), and Hitchcock and Maguire, (1947). The
color slides are duplicates of those taken at the
sites indicated by the three-digit occurrence
numbers, p. 8. Additional slides of S. spaldinqii
and its habitat are housed at the office of the
Montana Natural Heritage Program, Helena, Montana.
4. Significance.
A. Natural: In the words of Hitchcock and Maguire
(1947), "(t)he viscidity of the plant, the long
7
Figure 1 . Line drawing of Silene spaldingii . Taken from
Hitchcock et (1964) and Hitchcock and Maguire
(1947).
9
calyx lobes, short blades of the petals, 4 shorter
appendages, and large inflated seeds are almost
peculiar to the species. All in all it is one of
our most distinct plants ... . " This taxonomically
distinct species is associated with the few remnants
of Palouse prairie left intact in the states of
Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington.
B. Human: According to Hitchcock ^ (1964), this
family contains several genera of ornamental value,
including Dianthus (carnation), Gvpsophila (baby's
breath), Arenaria (sandwort), Silene (catchfly) , and
Lychnis (campion) . This species may have
horticultural potential; however, currently it has
no known agricultural, economic or other human uses
or significance.
5. Geographical distribution.
A. Geographical range: silene spaldinaii is currently
known in Montana from sites in the Tobacco Valley,
Lincoln County; Wild Horse Island, Lake County; and
the area around Niarada in Sanders and Flathead
counties. A distribution map of Silene spaldinaii
populations in Montana is found on p. 10. In Idaho
it is known from sites in Lewiston County; and in
Washington from sites in Whitman, Spokane, and
Asotin counties. In 1988, a single plant was
observed in British Columbia, Canada.
Silene spaldinaii is historically known from two
locations in Oregon in Umatilla and Wallowa
counties.
B. Precise occurrences.
1. Populations currently known to be extant.
a. Montana: Populations are listed in Table
1, pp. 11-18. Exact locations are
provided on USGS quadrangle maps, pp. 19-
25.
Dancing Prairie-Tobacco Plains South (001)
Wild Horse Island State Park (002)
Black Bear Ranch (003)
Mill Pocket Ridge (004)
Crosson Valley (005)
Tobacco Plains North (008)
Cromwell Creek (009)
Hog Heaven Range (010)
10
Figure 2. Distribution of Silene spaldingii populations ii
11
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODEs PDCAR0U1S0.001
NAME; SILENE SPALDINBII
COMNAME: SPALDINS CAMPION
MARGNUM: 1 TENTEN: 4,4 IDENT; Y
SURVEYS I TE: DANCING PRAIRIE-TOBACCO PLAINS SOUTH
EORANKCOMM;
SURVEYDATE: 1985-07-16 LASTOBS; 1988-07-18 FIRSTOBS;
SRANK; SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME; MTLINC
QUADCODE: 4811581
QUADNAME ; EUREKA NORTH
LAT : 485643 LONG; 1150440 S; 4856H7 N: 48573:
TOWNRANGE; 037N0a7W SECTION; 26 MERIDIAN^
2 f H4W2
PHYSPROV; NR WATERSHED; 17010101 RIVERRE
DIRECTIONS; TOBACCO PLAINS, CA. 3.5 AIR MILES NNW.
EORANK;
1985 GRANK:
A856H7
26
N : 485733
MERIDIAN:
PRECISION:
E: 1150343
PR TRSCOMM:
SC
W; 1150458
N2,N2SW4,23E
17010101 RIVERREACH;
3.5 AIR MILES NNW. OF EUREKA.
GENDESC; GENTLY ROLLING, GLACIATED PLAINS; UNIQUE GRASSLAND COMMUNITY
DOMINATED BY ST I PA COMATA & FESTUCA SCABRELLA, WITH POA
SECUNDA; POA PRATENSIS IN SWALES; SILTY SOILS.
ELEV; S7E0 SIZE: 200
EODATA; EST. 10,000 INDIVIDUALS, TWO SUBPOPULATIONS; "PERHAPS LAR¬
GEST POPULATION IN THE WORLD"; PRAIRIE IS IN VERY GOOD CON¬
DITION, WITH LITTLE EVIDENCE OF SEVERE DISTURBANCE; SILENE
OCCURS IN SWALES WHICH HAVE DEEPER, LESS GRAVELLY SOILS.
COMMENTS :
MACODEl: PRI VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl : MACODEE;
C0NTAINED2;
MAC0DE3:
MOREMGMT;
SITENAME;
OWNER;
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM;
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR:
BESTSOURCE
SOURCECODE
CONTAINED3; ADLMAS : MORELAN; MOREPROT ;
Z SITECODE:
DANCING PRAIRIE
MONITORNUM:
LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA,
VOUCHER-LESICA, P. (3541), 1985, MONTH.
MT;
PNDLES01MTUS SB5LESUMMTUS U85LES02MTUS PNDSHE01MTUS PNDSCH02MTUS
DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFO;
TRANSCRIBR; 86-01-24 JSS CDREV; Y MAPPER: 86-01-24 JSS
UPDATE: 88-12-02 LAS
Table 1 . Occurrence records for extant populations in Montana
12
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.00S
NAME; SILENE SPAL.DINBII
COMNAME: SPALDINB CAMPION
MARBNUM: 4 TENTEN; 3,3 I DENT: Y EORANK; A
SURVEYSITE; WILD HORSE ISLAND STATE PARK
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE: 1983-07-ai LASTOBS; 1983-07-Sl FIRSTOBS: 1983 BRANK; BE
SRANK; SI STATE; MT COUNTYNAME; HTLAKE
QUADCODE; 471147S
QUADNAME : WILD HORSE ISLAND PRECISION; SC
LAT; 4750B4 LONG; 1141309 S; 475013 N; 475036 E; 1141S47 W: 114131B
TOWNRANGE; 0S4N0E0W SECTION: 18 MERIDIAN: PR TRSCOMM: W2
PHYSPROV; NR WATERSHED; 17010E08 RIVERREACH:
DIRECTIONS; WILD HORSE ISLAND, IN FLATHEAD LAKE.
GENDESC; IN FESTUCA SCABRELLA/F. IDAHOENSIS/PSEUDOROEBNERIA SPICATA
(ABSP) BUNCHBRASS PRAIRIE, WITH SCATTERED PINUS PONDEROSA;
NW-FACINB SLOPES, GRAVELLY SILT-LOAM SOILS.
ELEV: 3800 SIZE; 10
EODATA; CA. 1S5-E50 MATURE INDIVIDUALS IN 3 SUBPOPULATIONS; ISLAND
SUBJECT TO LIGHT GRAZING BY DEER, WILD HORSES (4), AND
BIGHORN SHEEP; ALSO, LIMITED RECREATION (HIKING).
COMMENTS: SEE EF FOR MAPS AND SITE SURVEY SUMMARY.
MACODEl; SFWSPWILDIMTUS CONTAINEDl: Y MACODEE: FBI IRFLATIMTUS C0NTAINED2;
Y
MAC0DE3; C0NTAINED3; ADLMAS: N MORELAN: MOREPROT:
MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE;
SITENAME; WILDHORSE ISLAND
OWNER:
OWNERCOMM;
PROTCOMM;
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR: MONITORNUM: -
BESTSOURCE; LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT;
VOUCHER-LESICA, P. (8755), 1983, MONTU.
SOURCECODE; PNDLES01MTUS SB3LESUMMTUS U85LES0EMTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES; Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFO;
TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-83 JSS CDREV: Y MAPPER; 86-01-E4 JSS QC; Y
UPDATE; 8B-1E-0E LAS
Table 1. (cont.)
13
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.003
NAME: SILENE SPALDING I I
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
MAR6NUM: 1 TENTEN: 7,7 IDENT: Y EORANK: C
SURVEYS I TE: BLACK BEAR RANCH
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE: 1983-07-S8 LASTOBS: 1983-07-88 FIRSTOBS: 1983 GRANK: GS
SRANK: SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTSAND
OUADCODE: 4711476
QUADNAME: MILL POCKET CREEK PRECISION: SC
LAT: 474716 LONS: 1143953 S: 474711 N; 4747S0 E: 1143945 W; 1144000
TOWNRANGE: 083N0S4M SECTION: 03 MERIDIAN: PR TRSCOMM: NU4NW4
PHYSPROV: nr WATERSHED: 17010H12 RIVERREACH: 1701081806500.00
DIRECTIONS: BLACK BEAR RANCH! W. FROM NIARADA CA. 8 MI . ! HEAD W. AT
CEMETERY! RD. TURNS S. IN 1/8 MI. AND FOLLOWS LITTLE
BITTERROOT RIVER-GO 1 MI. S., SITE IS W. OF ROAD.
GENDESC; N. AND E. -FACING MESIC SLOPES 8. BOTTOMS OF DRAWS! SCATTERED
PINUS PONDEROSA PRESENT, SLOPES DOMINATED BY FESTUCA
IDAHOENSIS & F. SCABRELLA! BOTTOMS HAVE POA PRATENSIS.
ELEV; 8960 SIZE: 10
EODATA: 30 FLOWERING STEMS! AREA HAS BEEN DISTURBED, AND MANY EXOTIC
SPECIES ARE PRESENT.
COMMENTS; SEE EF FOR MAPS AND SITE PRESERVE SUMMARY. VOUCHER-LES I CA ,
P. <8766), 1983, MONTU.
MACODEl: PRI VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl; ? MACODES ; PNCRSBLACIMTUS C0NTAINED8:
?
MACODES; FBI IRFLATIMTUS C0NTAINED3: Y ADLMAS; N MORELAN; MDREPROT:
MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:
SITENAME; BLACK BEAR RANCH SITE
OWNER; GEIGER
OWNERCOMM: BLACK BEAR RANCH, NIARADA, MT.
PROTCOMM: TNC REGISTERED SITE NO. 309
MGMTCOMM;
MONITOR: MONITORNUM:
BESTSQURCE: LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT.
SOURCECODE: PNDLEB01MTUS SB3LEBUMMTUS U85LES08MTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES:
TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-83 JSS
UPDATE: 87-08-05 JSS
Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFD;
CDREV; Y MAPPER: 86-01-84 JSS
QC: Y
Table 1. (cent.)
14
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODE: PDCAR(Z»U1S0.004
NAME: SILENE SPALDINBII
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
MARGNUM; S TENTEN; 7,6 I DENT; Y EORANK: C
SURVEYS I TE; MILL POCKET RIDGE
EORANKCOMM;
SURVEYDATE: 1983-07-87 LASTOBS; 1983-07-87 FIRSTOBS; 1983 GRANK; GS
SRANK; SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTSAND
QUADCODE; 4711476
QUADNAME; MILL POCKET CREEK PRECISION: SC
LAT: 474758 LONG; 1143958 S: 474758 N: 474804 E: 1143948 W: 1144009
TOWNRANGE; 0a4N084W SECTION; 34 MERIDIAN: PR TRSCOMM: NW4,33NE4
PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED; 17010818 RIVERREACH: 1701081806500.00
DIRECTIONS; MILL POCKET RIDGE; HWY. 88 E. FROM ELMO TO NIARADA; E. FROM
NIARADA ON DIRT RD., 8 MILES, AND TAKE L. FORK; GO 1 MI.,
TAKE L. FORK TO FIRST RANCH HOUSE ON RIGHT.
GENDESC: NE-FACIN6 SLOPE; PALOUSE GRASSLAND DOMINATED BY FESTUCA
IDAHOENSIS, F. SCABRELLA, AND PSEUDOROEGNERIA SPICATA
(AGSP); LOWER SLOPE IS PINUS PONDEROSA/PSEUDOTSUGA MENZIESII.
ELEV; 3040 SIZE: 80
EODATA; SEVEN FLOWERING PLANTS; ROSA WOODSII IS INVADING THE SITE.
COMMENTS; SEE EF FOR MAPS AND SITE PRESERVE SUMMARY. VOUCHER-LESICA,
P. (8764), 1983, MONTU.
MACODEl: FBI IRFLATIMTUS CONTAINEDl : Y MACODES: CONTAINEDS:
MAC0DE3: CONTAINEDS: ADLMAS : MORELAN: MOREPROT ;
MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:
SITENAME:
OWNER; CONF. SALISH 8. KOOTENAI TRIBES
OWNERCOMM: BOX 878, PABLO, MT 59855
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM;
MONITOR: MONITORNUM;
BESTSOURCE; LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT.
SOURCECODE: PNDLE501MTUS S83LESUMMTUS UB5LES08MTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS; N OWNERINFO;
TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-83 JSS CDREV; Y MAPPER; 86-01-84 JSS OC: Y
UPDATE : 87-08-05 JSS
Table 1. (cent.)
15
8,1
I DENT:
EORANK :
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.005
NAME; SILENE SPALDINBII
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
MARGNUM: 3 TENTEN:
SURVEYS I TE: CRDSSON VALLEY
EORANKCOMM;
RRAWk^^^Ii’ LASTOBS; 1988-07-Sl FIRSTOBS; 1983 CRANK:
SRANK. SI STATE: MT COUNTYNAME; MTSAND
QUADCODE; 4711476 4711486
QUADNAME; MILL POCKET CREEK, HUBBART RESERVOIR PRECISION; M
LAT: 475158 LONG; 1143850 S; 475117 N: 475S32 E: 1143816 W: 1143948
TOWNRANSE; 0S4N0e4W SECTION; 03 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM: SE4,aNW4,llN
G2
W4, 10
PHYSPROV;
DIRECTIONS
GENDESC;
ELEV;
EODATA;
COMMENTS;
MACODEl :
Y
MAC0DE3;
MOREMGMT:
SITENAME:
NR WATERSHED: 17010212 RIVERREACH: 1701021206700.00
CROSSON valley; DIRT RD. 1/4 MI. W. FROM NIARADA; TURN N. ON
DIRT ROAD FOR CA. 1.25 MILES; TURN W. 1/2 MI.; TURN N. ,
FOLLOWING RD. OVER SULLIVAN HILL FOR CA. 4-5 MILES.
IN SWALES, ON MODERATELY DEEP SILTY TO SILT LOAM SOILS; N.
AND E. ASPECTS ON BOTTOMS AND LOWER SLOPES; WITH FESC/FEID,
POA PRATENSIS, STIPA OCCIDENTALIS/FEID.
3350 SIZE; 30
MORE THAN 100 FLOWERING PLANTS, IN AT LEAST FIVE DIFFERENT
SUBPOPULATIONS (SEE EF). IN 1988, SUBPOPULATIONS WERE MUCH
REDUCED IN SIZE - LIKELY DUE TO DROUGHT CONDITIONS.
SEE EF FOR SITE PRESERVE SUMMARY, SP SURVEY FORM, AND MAPS.
VOUCHER - LESICA, P. (2767), 1983, MONTU.
PRIVATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl : ? MAC0DE2; FBI IRFLATIMTUS C0NTAINED2;
C0NTAINED3: ADLMAS: MORELAN:
Z SITECODE:
CROSSON VALLEY
OWNER; GEORGE TRIPP
OWNERCOMM: NIARADA, MT.
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCDMM;
MONITOR: MONITORNUM:
BESTSOURCE: LESICA, P. DEPT. OF BOTANY, UNIV. OF MONTANA, MISSOULA, MT.
SOURCECODE: PNDLES01MTUS SB3LESUMMTUS U85LES08MTUS PNDSCH0EMTUS
MOREPROT :
DATASENS; BOUNDARIES;
TRANSCRIBR: 86-01-23 JSS
UPDATE: 88-12-02 LAS
Y PHOTOS;
CDREV: Y
N OWNER INFO:
MAPPER: 86-01-31 JSS
QC:
Table 1. (cont.)
16
Montana
I DENT:
EORANK ;
B
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.00B
NAME; SILENE SPALDINGII
COMNAME; SPALDING CAMPION
MARGNUM: 10 TENTEN: 4,5
SURVEYS I TE: TOBACCO PLAINS NORTH
EORANKCOMM: 1988, DRY YEAR - POPULATION MAY BE LARGER
LASTOBS: 1988-07-18 FIRSTOBS: 1986 GRANK: 62
SRANKr SI STATE; MT COUNTYNAME; MTLINC
QUADCODE: 4811581
QUADNAME; EUREKA NORTH PRECISION; SC
LAT: 485928 LONG: 1150454 S; 485926 N; 485930 E: 1150445 W: 1150501
TOWNRANGE; 037N027W SECTION; 11 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; NW4
PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED; 17010101 RIVERREACH;
DIRECTIONS; TOBACCO PLAINS, ABOUT 8 MILES N.OF EUREKA. END SUBPOPULATION
NORTH OF ROAD EXTENDING UP TO AND OVER CANADIAN BORDER.
GENDESC: IN GRASSLANDS ON LOW, NORTH-FACING SLOPES; WITH FESTUCA
IDAHOENSIS, FESTUCA SCABRELLA.
ELEV: S700 SIZE; 3
EODATA; LOCALLY COMMON. 2ND SUBPOPULATION WITH 6 PLANTS, FLOWERING
IN 1988.
COMMENTS; NONE.
MACODEl: PRIVATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl: MACODEE:
CONTAINEDS:
MAC0DE3: CONTAINEDS: ADLMAS ; MORELAN: MOREPROT ■
MOREMGMT : Z SITECODE:
SITENAME;
OWNER:
OWNERCOMM;
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR; MONITORNUM;
BESTSOURCE: LESICA, P. (3978). 1986. SPECIMEN #104445 UM. SCHASSBERGER
L.A. 1988. SPECIMEN # 249 MONTU.
SOURCECODE; SS6LESUMMTUS PNDLES01MTUS F8BSCH06MTUS PNDSCH02MTUS S88SCHUMMTUS
DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS: Y OWNER INFO:
TRANSCRIBR; 87-08-17 JEG CDREV; Y MAPPER: 87-08-19 JEG
UPDATE; 88-12-02 LAS
Table 1. (cont.)
17
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCQDE: PDCAR0U1S0.009
NAME: SILENE BPALDINGII
COMNAME; SPALDING CAMPION
MARGNUM:
SURVEYSITE
EORANKCOMM
SURVEYDATE
SRANK; SI
QUADCODE:
e TENTEN: 8,10 IDENT: Y EORANK: C
CROMWELL CREEK
HEAVILY GRAZED PASTURE
1988-07-28 LASTOBS: 1988-07-22 FIRSTOBS: 1988
STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTFLAT
4711485
GRANK;
QUADNAME: KOFFORD RIDGE
LAT: 475233 LONG; 1143056 S;
TOWMRANGE; 025N023W SECTION; 35
PRECISION: SC
0 N; 0 E: 0 W:
MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; SE4
62
0
PHYSPROV:
DIRECTIONS
NR WATERSHED; 17010812 RIVERREACH: 1701081206400.00
; CA. 4.1 AIR MILES NE OF NIARADA; TRAVEL CA. 4.3 MILES N OF
HIGHWAY 28 ON CROMWELL CREEK ROAD, SE OF ROAD ON HILLSIDE
JUST BELOW TREELINE.
GENDESC: PROTECTED DRAW ON SLOPE IN GRAVELLY SILT LOAM WITH FESTUCA
SCABRELLA AND ROSA SPP.
ELEV; 3420 SIZE: 1
EODATA: 10 PLANTS FLOWERING, BUT DRYING OUT FROM THE BOTTOM UP.
COMMENTS; VOUCHER - SCHASSBERGER , L.A. (250), 1988, MONTU.
MACODEl: PR I VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl ; Y MACODEE; CONTAINEDe:
MAC0DE3: CONTAINED3; ADLMAS: MORELAN; MOREPROT:
MOREMGMT: B SITECODE:
SITENAME:
OWNER: ELSIE BROWN
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM;
MGMTCOMM;
MONITOR: MONITORNUM:
BESTSOURCE; SCHASSBERGER, L.A. 19BB. FIELD SURVEYS IN LAKE, SANDERS,
FLATHEAD AND LINCOLN COUNTIES OF 18-29 JULY.
SOURCECODE: FB8SCH06MTUS PNDSCH02MTUB S88SCHUMMTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES; Y PHOTOS: Y OWNERINFD:
TRANSCRIBR; 88-08-04 LAS CDREV; Y MAPPER; 88-08-04 LAS QC; Y
UPDATE: 88-08-18 MEZ
Table 1. (cont.)
18
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.010
NAME: SILENE SPALDINBII
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
MARGNUM: 4 TENTEN: 7,5 IDENT: Y EORANK: C
SURVEYS I TE: HOG HEAVEN RANGE
EORANKCOMM: HEAVILY GRAZED PASTURE
lPB8-07-a7 LASTOBS: 19B8-07-S7 FIRSTOBS: 1988 GRANK; GE
SRANK: SI STATE; MT COUNTYNAME; MTFLAT
QUADCODE; 4711475
QUADNAME ; NIARADA
LAT : 475104 LONG: 1143144 S; 475101
TOWNRAMGE; 0a4N0a3W SECTION; 10
PRECISION: SC
N; 475111 E: 1143135 W: 1143146
MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; SE4
PHYSPROV;
DIRECTIONS
WATERSHED; 17010312 RIVERREACH: 1701021206400.00
: CA. 3.8 AIR MILES NE OF NIARADA, CA. 1.2 MILES N OF HIGHWAY
28 ON BROWNS MEADOW ROAD, CA. 1.5 MILES E OF BROWN RANCH,
ON HILLSIDE BELOW TREELINE.
GENDESC: PROTECTED DRAWS AND SLOPES IN GRAVELLY SILT LOAM WITH FES-
TUCA SCABRELLA AND ROSA SP.
ELEV; 3500 SIZE: 1
EODATA; TWELVE PLANTS IN TWO SUBPOPULATIONS, FLOWERING.
COMMENTS; NO SPECIMEN. SEE GMF BASE MAP SHOWING SUBPOPULATIONS. LOCA¬
TED NEAR BOUNDARY OF FLATHEAD INDIAN RESERVATION.
MACODEl: PRIVATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl ; Y MACODEE: CONTAINEDE:
MAC0DE3: C0NTAINED3: ADLMAS: MORELAN; MOREPROT ■
MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:
SITENAME:
OWNER: ELSIE BROWN
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM ;
MONITOR: MONITORNUM:
BESTSOURCE: SCHASSBERGER , L.A. 1988. FIELD SURVEYS IN LAKE, SANDERS,
FLATHEAD AND LINCOLN COUNTIES OF 18-29 JULY.
SOURCECODE; F8BSCH06MTUS PNDSCH02MTUS S88SCHUMMTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS; Y OWNER INFO:
TRANSCRIBR: 88-08-04 LAS CDREV; Y MAPPER; 88-08-04 LAS QC- Y
UPDATE: 88-08-18 MEZ
Table 1. (cont.)
uses Eureka North Quadrangle 7.5'.
Dancing Prairie-Tobacco Plains South (001)
uses Wild Horse Island State Park Quadrangle 7.5'.
Wild Horse Island (002)
uses Mill Pocket Creek Quadrangle 7.5'.
Black Bear Ranch (003)
Mill Pocket Ridge (004)
Crosson Valley (005)
uses Kof ford Ridge Quadrangle 7.5'.
Cromwell Creek (009)
26
b. Idaho; See Table 2, pp. 27-28, for
occurrence records on the following sites.
Cold Spring Creek (001)
Lawyers Creek (004)
c. Washington: See Table 3, pp. 29-34, for
occurrence records on the following sites.
Sites: (005) (013)
(006) (014)
(007) (015)
(008) (016)
(009) (017)
(010) (018)
(011) (019)
(012)
2. Populations known or assumed extirpated.
a. Oregon; The population at Darr Flat
(002), listed in Table 4, p. 35, was
discovered in 1983, but a survey of the
site in 1986 revealed no plants. The
population is presumed to have been lost
to the heavy grazing that occurs in the
area.
b. Washington; Site (002) in Whitman County
was surveyed in 1981 and believed to be
extirpated; Table 4, p. 36.
3. Historically known populations where current
status is not known: See Table 5, pp. 37-39,
for occurrence records on the following sites.
a. Montana; A collection was made by R.S.
Williams in 1894 (Columbia Falls (006)).
The collection label only refers to a
general location: "Columbia Falls." The
area in the vicinity of the town has been
searched, but much of this land has been
converted for agricultural use and the
population has not been relocated (Peter
Lesica, pers. comm. ; Lisa A. Schassberger
pers. obs. ) .
b. Idaho; Daubie's Stand 162 (002) has not
been recently revisited; therefore current
information is not available on its
condition.
11/07/88
Idaho Occurrence Record
27
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE: PDCAROUISO . 001
NAME: SILENE SPALDINGII
COMNAME: SPALDING'S CAMPION, SPALDING'S
MARGNUM:
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE :
SURVEYSITE:
SRANK: SI
SILENE
EORANK: BC
FIRSTOBS: 1964 GRANK: G2
3 TENTEN: IDENT: Y
MORE THAN THREE DOZEN INDIVIDUALS
1985-08-06 LASTOBS: 1985-08-06
COLD SPRING CREEK
STATE: ID COUNTYNAME: IDLEWI
QUADCODE: 4611625
QUADNAME : WINCHESTER EAST
LAT: 461415 LONG: 1163019 S; 461400 N: 461430
TOWNRANGE: 033N002W SECTION: 01 MERIDIAN*
TRSCOMM: NW4NE4 WATERSHED: 17060306
DIRECTIONS: TURN NORTH ON GRAVEL ROAD JUST WEST OF WHERE U.S. xinx ;
CROSSES OVER COLD SPRING CREEK ABOUT TWO MILES WEST OF
GENDPqp- A ALONG WEST SLOPE CANYON.
GENDESC: A SMALL TRACT OF CANYON WALL PRAIRIE PRESERVED BETWEEN A
LOOP OF THE ROAD AND A FENCELINE.
PRECISION:
E: 1163015
BO
SC
W:
1163130
HWY 95
ELEV: 3750 SIZE: 2
EODATA: DAUBENMIRE'S FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS-ROSA SPP. ASSOCIATION. ABOUT
THREE DOZEN INDIVIDUALS WERE FLOWERING WHEN LAST OBSERVED;
MOST ARE ADJACENT TO SHRUB PATCH TO EAST OF LARGE PINE TREE *
OTHERS ARE SCATTERED ABOUT THE VICINITY OF THE TREE
COMMENTS: DAUBENMIRE 6429; HEIDEL BLM REPORT 1979.
MACODEl;
MACODE3 :
MORELAND:
SITENAME:
OWNER:
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR:
BESTSOURCE
CONTAINEDl : MACODE2 :
CONTAINED3 : ADDLMAS :
MOREPROT: MOREMGMT: SITECODE:
PRIVATE
CAICCO, STEVE
MONITORNUM:
CONTAINED2 :
SOURCECODE: PNDCAIOIIDUS PNDJOHOIIDUS PNDHEIOIIDUS
DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS* N
TRANSCRIBE: 84-10-18 SLC CDREV: y’
UPDATE: 85-09-15 SLC
OWNERINFO: N
MAPPER: 84-10-18 SLC QC: Y
Table 2. Occurrence records for extant populations in Idaho.
11/07/88
28
Idaho Occurrence Record
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE; PDCAROUISO . 004
NAME: SILENE SPALDINGII
COMNAME: SPALDING'S CAMPION, SPALDING'S SILENE
MARGNUM;
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE:
SURVEYSITE;
SRANK: SI
QUADCODE; 4611624
QUADNAME: CRAIGMONT
LAT: 461214 LONG;
TOWNRANGE: 033N001W
TRSCOMM:
TENTEN; 07,04 IDENT: Y
EORANK: D
LAWYERS CREEK
STATE; ID
LASTOBS: 1980-09-11 FIRSTOBS: 1980 GRANK: G2
COUNTYNAME; IDLEWI
1162530
PRECISION: M
1162510 S; 461100 N; 461300 E: 1162500 W;
SECTION: 14 MERIDIAN; BO
WATERSHED; 17060306031
DIRECTIONS; Lawyers Creek; pull-off road about 500 yds from the "slower
traffic turn-off ahead" sign.
GENDESC: 5-10%; clay/loam; at edge of CRDO/Alnus
ELEV; 3600 SIZE: 1
EODATA: only 2 individuals in 1980.
COMMENTS ;
CONTAINEDl: MACODE2 ;
„ CONTAINED3: ADDLMAS:
S??Se; Y MOREMGMT; ? SITECODE;
OWNER : private
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR ; MONITORNUM *
BESTSOURCE: Hurd, M. 1980. Threatened or Endan^d Plant Report.
Cottonwood RA, BLM.
SOURCECODE: U80HUR01IDUS
C0NTAINED2
DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: N PHOTOS: N
TRANSCRIBR; 87-03-11 SLC CDREV: Y
UPDATE; 88-11-07 PJP
OWNERINFO: N
MAPPER; 87-03-11 SLC QC: Y
Table 2. (cont.)
29
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Table 3. (cent.
Oregon Occurrence Record
35
Table 4. Populations known or assumed extirpated
Washini
36
10
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Table 4 . (cont.)
37
EGCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.006
NAME; SILENE SPALDING I I
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
MARGNUM:
SURVEYS I TE:
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE:
SRANK: SI
QUADCODE
QUADNAME
S TENTEN: 7,1
COLUMBIA FALLS
I DENT:
EORANK:
1894-08-10 LASTOBS: 1894-08-10 FIRSTOBS; 1894 GRANK: GS
STATE: MT COUNTYNAME: MTFLAT
4811432 4811442
COLUMBIA FALLS S. , COLUMBIA FALLS N. PRECISION: G
LAT : 482230 LONG; 1141020 S; 0 N; 0 E; 0 W;
TOWNRANGE; 030N020W SECTION; 09 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM; SW4
0
PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED; 17010208 RIVERREACH: 1701020801600.00
DIRECTIONS; COLUMBIA FALLS.
GENDESC:
ELEV: 3000 SIZE; 0
EODATA;
COMMENTS; OLD COLLECTION, NOT RELOCATED; RM SPECIMEN VERIFIED BY B.
MAGUIRE 8. C.L. HITCHCOCK, 1942-03-24.
MACODEl; PRI VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINEDl; ? MAC0DE2; C0NTAINED2-
MAC0DE3: C0NTAINED3; ADLMAS; MORELAN;
MOREMGMT ; Z SITECODE:
SITENAME:
OWNER;
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR; MONITORNUM;
BESTSOURCE: WILLIAMS, R.S. (995), 1894, MDNTU, RM(24349).
SOURCECODE: S94WILUMMTUS S94WILRMMTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES:
TRANSCRIBR: 86-02-06 JSS
UPDATE : 86-02-24 LWS
N PHOTOS: N OWNERINFO: N
CDREV: Y MAPPER: 86-02-06 JSS
MOREPROT:
QC; Y
Table 5. Historically known poulations Where current status is not
known.
11/07/88
Idaho Occurrence Record
38
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE: PDCAROUISO . 002
NAME; SILENE SPALDINGII
COMNAME: SPALDING'S CAMPION, SPALDING'S SILENE
MARGNUM;
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE :
SURVEYSITE:
SRANK; SI
TENTEN;
I DENT; Y
EORANK:
LASTOBS :
DAUBIE'S STAND 162
STATE: ID COUNTYNAME; IDLEWI
QUADCODE; 4611626
QUADNAME: WINCHESTER WEST
LAT; 461435 LONG: 1163803 S; 461400 N: 461530
TOWNRANGE: 034N002W SECTION: 31 MERIDIAN*
watershed: iVJeosos
directions: somewhere near town of winchester, about 2 MILES WEST OP
U.S. HWY 95.
FIRSTOBS :
PRECISION:
E: 1163700
BO
GRANK: G2
M
W: 1163830
GENDESC; NO DATA
ELEV; 4000 SIZE; 0
EODATA; DAUBENMIRES'S FESTUCA IDAHOENSIS-ROSA SPP.
STAND 162; PRESENT WITH 2% FREQUENCY.
ASSOCIATION.
COMMENTS: TABLE B-5 IN B70DAU01.
MACODEl :
MACODE3 :
MORELAND;
SITENAME:
OWNER:
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM;
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR:
BESTSOURCE :
SOURCECODE:
CONTAINEDl ; MACODE2 :
CONTAINED3 : ADDLMAS :
MOREPROT: MOREMGMT: SITECODE:
CONTAINED2 ;
PRIVATE, PERHAPS NEZ PERCE INDIAN RESERVATION
_ , . MONITORNUM;
Tech^Bun^62^’ Vegetation of Washington. Exp
B70DAU01IDUS PNDCAIOIIDUS
DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES:
TRANSCRIBR; 84-10-18 SLC
UPDATE: 88-11-07 PJP
N PHOTOS : N
CDREV: Y
OWNERINFO; N
MAPPER: 84-10-18 SLC QC; Y
Table 5. (cont.)
Washington Occurrence Records
39
O N rH
2: X
Pi CO < U'1 <
N X o s:
X ?*d O IjO H*
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f-i ^ K“J '0 X fD
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a s X h- u :d :
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2^ 0,-
er CiT rL :
to UJ lu to >“ hj to 1
pi n 2: X H t ) D :
H D O X H i
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40
c. Washington; Sites (003) and (004) are old
records that have not been revisited;
their current status is not known (p. 39) .
4. Locations not yet investigated believed likely
to support additional natural populations. A
majority of the appropriate habitat in Montana
has been surveyed for this species. However, a
study of population sizes (see Appendix A, p.
68, (Lesica, 1988) and the 1988 surveys have
revealed much-reduced plant numbers for several
known populations, and no plants apparent at
some of the small subpopulations. This trend
may be due to natural fluctuations in
populations of this plant, and/or to the
current drought conditions. It is possible
that sites were not found during 1988 owing to
these conditions.
5. Reports having ambiguous or incomplete locality
information: See Table 6, pp. 41-42, for
detailed occurrence records on the following
sites .
a. Montana; The Niarada (007) site has never
been relocated. The specimen has been
verified but the site description on the
label does not describe a habitat where S.
spaldinqii is usually found in Montana.
This label is believed to be incorrect,
and the site may actually be one of the
known populations in the vicinity of
Niarada.
b. Oregon; Collections were first made at
the Wallowa Lake site (001) in 1898 by
Cusick. In 1980, Bonnie Heidel recorded
the presence of this species and took
photographs. No collection was made at
the time (Bonnie Heidel, pers. comm.).
Subsequently, this area was searched but
the population was not relocated (Jimmy
Kagan, pers. comm,).
It is also possible that this species is
hybridizing in this area, as collections
reveal certain morphological disparities
with descriptions in the literature (Jimmy
Kagan, pers. comm.). The status of this
population is currently in question.
41
2,9
EOCODE: PDCAR0U1S0.007
NAME: SILENE SPALDINBII
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
MARGNUM: 1 TENTEN:
SURVEYS I TE: NIARADA
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE; 1974-06-26
SRANK; SI STATE:
QUADCODE: 4711475
QUADNAME: NIARADA
LAT ; 474556 LONG; 1143632 S;
TOWNRANGE: 023N024W SECTION;
Montana
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
I DENT;
EORANK:
LASTOBS: 1974-06-26 FIRSTOBS: 1974 GRANK;
MX COUNTYNAME; MTSAND
G2
0
12
N ; 0
MERIDIAN:
PRECISION: G
E; 0 W;
PR TRSCOMM;
0
PHYSPROV; NR WATERSHED: 17010212 RIVERREACH: 1701021206000.00
DIRECTIONS; FLATHEAD INDIAN RESERVATION, 11 MI. N. OF HOT SPRINGS JCT.
ON HWY. 28, CA. 40 AIR MI. S-SW OF KALISPELL.
GENDESC:
BASIC SILTY CLAY SOIL; MIXED ARTEMISIA GRASSLAND, WITH STIPA
COMAT A THE DOMINANT GRASS.
ELEV; 2850 SIZE; 0
EODATA: UNKNOWN; THIS LOCATION HAS BEEN SEARCHED FOR, BUT NOT FOUND;
ACCORDING TO P. LESICA, SPECIMEN MAY BE MISLABELED, SINCE
HABITAT DESCRIPTION IS UNUSUAL FOR THE SPECIES.
COMMENTS; SPECIMEN VERIFIED BY P.F. STICKNEY, 1979.
MACODEl; FBI IRFLATIMTUS CONTAINEDl ; Y MACODES:
C0NTAINED2;
MACODES: C0NTAINED3; ADLMAS; MORELAN:
MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:
SITENAME;
OWNER;
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM;
MONITOR; MONITORNUM:
BESTSOURCE: LAN, D. (74-63), 1974, MONTU (076172), MISSOULA, MT.
MOREPROT :
SOURCECODE: S74LANUMMTUS PNDLES01MTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES:
TRANSCRIBR; 06-03-12 JSS
UPDATE : 86-04-04 LWS
PHOTOS: N OWNER INFO: N
CDREV: Y MAPPER; 86-03-12 JSS
QC: Y
Table 6, Reports having ambiguous or incomplete locality information
Oregon Occurrence Record
42
Table 6. (cont.)
43
6 . Locations known or suspected to be erroneous
reports: See Table 7, pp. 44-46, for detailed
occurrence records and information on the
following site.
a. Idaho: Although not yet verified, the
Rock Flats (003) site is believed to
actually be located near Macall in Adams
County, Washington. The original specimen
label appears to have been misinterpreted.
C, Biogeographical and phylogenetic history: Silene
spaldinqii is associated with Palouse prairie. The
soils supporting these communities were deposited
approximately 15,000 years ago through multiple
flood releases of Glacial Lake Missoula and Glacial
Lake Kootenai (Alt and Hyndman, 1986). Soils and
debris were deposited from Montana across Idaho and
into Washington and Oregon. It is possible that
this species evolved after the soils were deposited
or it may have migrated into these areas after the
waters had receded.
6. General environment and habitat description.
A. Concise statement of general environment and
habitat: Silene spaldinqii is restricted to Festuca
idahoensis habitat types and phases throughout its
range (Heidel, 1980). These areas are also often
referred to as Palouse prairie. Populations in
Montana occur most often on north- to east-facing
slopes, in or along small drainages (without running
water) or in swales. Soils are silty loams,
moderately deep and sometimes gravelly. These sites
often occur along the lower treeline, or near
scattered trees. The vegetation is dominated by
grasses (Festuca scabrella (rough fescue) and
Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) ) with scattered
shrubs (Rosa woods ii (woods rose)). In Montana, S.
spaldinqii occurs at elevations of 2,700-3,500 feet.
The slopes where it occurs are likely to catch and
maintain snow throughout the winter.
B. Physical characteristics.
1. Climate.
a. Koppen climate classification: Type Dfb,
a Canadian climate with snowy winters and
moderately warm summers, with needle¬
leaved trees in the north (Visher, 1954) .
11/07/88
Idaho Occurrence Record
44
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE CODE: PDCAROUISO . 003
NAME: SILENE SPALDINGII
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION, SPALDING'S SILENE
MARGNUM: 1 TENTEN: I DENT: Y
EORANKCOMM:
SURVEYDATE: LASTOBS: 1946-06-24
SURVEYSITE: ROCK FLATS
SRANK: SI STATE: ID COUNTYNAME: IDADAM
QUADCODE: 4411682
EORANK:
FIRSTOBS :
1946
GRANK: G2
QUADNAME; MEADOWS
LAT: 445600 LONG: 1161000 S: 445500 N: 445700
TOWNRANGE: 018N002E SECTION: 01 MERIDIAN:
TRSCOMM: OR ADJACENT SECTIONS WATERSHED: 17060210
DIRECTIONS: 2 MILES WEST OF MACALL (SIC).
PRECISION: M
E: 1160930 W: 1161100
BO
GENDESC: IN DEEP GRASS
ELEV; 5120 SIZE:
EODATA:
COMMENTS :
MACODEl:
MACODE3 :
MORELAND:
SITENAME:
OWNER:
R.G. JEFFREY S.N. (LABEL SAYS WA, BUT NO MACALL IN ADAMS CO,
WA; MAPPED AT ROCK FLATS TO MINUTES, MAYBE BETTER AS GENERAL
CONTAINEDl : MACODE2 : CONTAINED2 *
CONTAINED3 : ADDLMAS :
MOREPROT: MOREMGMT: SITECODE:
OWNERCOMM: PRIVATE AS MAPPED
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM:
MONITOR:
BESTSOURCE: JOHNSON, FRED
MONITORNUM;
SOURCECODE: PNDJOHOIIDUS PNDCAIOIIDUS
DATASENS: N BOUNDARIES: N PHOTOS: N
TRANSCRIBE: 84-10-18 SLC CDREV: Y
UPDATE :
OWNERINFO: N
MAPPER: 84-10-18 SLC QC; Y
Table 7. Location known or suspected to be an erroneous report.
(See also inf ormatibn on* next' page.)
[il
47
b. Regional macroclimate: The climatic
recording station nearest to the Tobacco
Valley sites is located at Fortine, at an
elevation of 2,951 feet, approximately 17
miles south of the sites. For the 30-year
period ending in 1980, mean July maximum
and mean January minimum temperatures were
82.2°Fand 11.5°F, respectively. Mean
annual precipitation was 17.25 inches.
Poison Kerr Dam, at an elevation of 2,931
feet, is approximately 23 mile south and
east of the sites near Niarada, and
approximately 12 miles south of the Wild
Horse Island site. For the 30-year period
ending in 1980, mean July maximum and mean
January minimum temperatures were 82.3°F
and 17.9°F, respectively. Mean annual
precipitation was 14.98 inches (U.S.
Department of Commerce, 1982) .
c. Local microclimate: Silene spaldinaii
appears to occur on north- to east-facing
slopes and in swales, in areas where snow
deposition is likely. These sites may
hold moisture longer into the spring,
2. Air and water quality requirements: Unknown.
3. Physiographic province: Hunt (1974) places the
range of S. spaldinaii in Montana in the Rocky
Mountains of Montana and Canada Province,
within the Rocky Mountain System.
4. Physiographic and topographic characteristics:
In Montana, S. spaldinaii occurs on alluvial
or eolian soils. These soils were deposited by
Glacial Lake Missoula, which formed during the
advance of the Cordilleran ice sheet that
blocked several major drainages in northwest
Montana. Repeated breaking of the ice dam
caused numerous catastrophic floods (Alt and
Hyndman, 1986) . Depositional materials extend
across Idaho and into Washington and Oregon,
and are likely to underlie the S. spaldinaii
populations in these states as well.
Populations often occur on moderate slopes in
swales and drainages. In Montana, the known
sites occur from 2,700-3,500 feet in elevation.
48
5. Edaphic factors: Silene spaldingii occurs on
loamy soils which are sparsely gravelly. These
soils are very productive, and much of the area
in Montana, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington where
they occur has been converted for agricultural
uses or grazing.
6. Dependence of this taxon on natural
disturbance: None known.
7. Other unusual physical features: None
observed.
C. Biological characteristics.
1. Vegetation physiognomy and community structure;
In Montana, S. spaldinaii occurs mostly in
well-preserved grasslands, at the edges of the
lower treeline or near scattered trees. These
forested areas are composed principally of
Pinus ponderosa (ponderosa pine) and/or
Pseudotsuga menziesii (Douglas fir) . The most
common shrub associate was Rosa woodsii (woods
rose) . Festuca idahoensis (Idaho fescue) ,
Festuca scabrella (rough fescue) and Stipa
occidentalis (western needlegrass) are the
primary grass associates; however, in areas
that have been grazed Poa pratensis (Kentucky
bluegrass) has become dominant.
2. Regional vegetation types: Ross and Hunter
(1976) place the Tobacco Valley sites in the
Foothills and Mountains Silty Range Site, 15-19
inch precipitation zone, and list as dominants
rough fescue, Idaho fescue, Columbia
needlegrass etc. They place the Niarada site
in the Foothills and Mountains Silty Range
Sites, 10-14 inch precipitation zone, and list
as dominants bluebunch wheatgrass, rough
fescue, needle-and-thread etc.. Kuchler (1964)
places both the Tobacco Valley sites and the
Niarada sites in the Western Ponderosa Forest,
described as medium to open forest of tall
needleleaf evergreen trees with a fairly open
ground cover of grasses and occasional shrubs.
The Mueggler and Stewart (1980) grassland
classification scheme places the S. spaldingii
sites in the Festuca scabrella / Festuca
idahoensis habitat type.
3. Frequently associated species; In Montana,
associated species include:
49
Aaropvron smithii Rydb.
Aqropvron spicatum (Pursh) Scrib. & Smith
Festuca idahoensis Torrey ex Hook.
Festuca scabrella Elmer
Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm.
Pinus ponderosa Dougl . ex Laws . & Laws .
* Poa pratensis L.
Poa secunda Presl.
Pseudotsuqa menziesii (Mirb.) Franco
Rosa woods ii Lindl.
Stipa comata Thurb. ex Wats.
Stipa occidentalis Trin. & Rupr.
* = introduced species
4. Dominance and frequency of the taxon: In
Montana, populations are variable in size, and
range from 10 plants up to 10,000 plants. The
mean population size is ca. 1300; however, of
the eight currently known sites, six have 100
or fewer plants. Canopy coverage of this
species is generally quite low except in very
localized areas. Most populations consist of
scattered individual plants.
5. Successional phenomena: Silene spaldingii is
associated with successionally advanced fescue
grasslands. The species appears to tolerate
moderate grazing that results in an increase of
Poa pratensis at some sites in Montana (Peter
Lesica, pers. comm.). However, it is suspected
that a population has been extirpated in the
state of Oregon as a result of overgrazing
(Jimmy Kagan, pers. comm.).
6. Dependence on dynamic aspects of biotic
associations and ecosystem features: Unknown.
7 . Other endangered, threatened, rare, or
vulnerable species occurring in habitat of this
taxon: The following species is found in the
vicinity of the Tobacco Valley sites. This
bird is known to have a limited distribution in
Montana, but is more widespread elsewhere.
Tympanuchus phasianellus columbianus
(Columbian sharp-tailed grouse) - listed
as "critically endangered" in Montana (SI)
by The Montana Natural Heritage Program,
Nests of the following species are found on
Wild Horse Island near the S. spaldinaii sites.
Haliaeetus leucocephalus (bald eagle) -
listed as "endangered" in Montana (S2) by
The Montana Natural Heritage Program.
Population biology of the taxon.
A. General summary: Ten populations of Silene
spaldinqii occur in northwest Montana in Palouse
prairie areas. Populations are separated by
approximately 88 miles. The largest population
occurs in the Tobacco Valley, and consists of 10,000
plants in two subpopulations. The largest
population in the Niarada/Flathead Lake vicinity
contains 250 plants. Other populations have less
than 100 plants, and most have less than 30. Silene
spaldinaii is thought to be an obligate or near-
obligate outcrossing species (Lesica, 1988) ; see
Appendix C, p. 70, for more detailed information.
Bumblebees ( Bombus sp.) are among the known
pollinators (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix C.
B . Demography .
1. Known populations; There are currently eight
known populations of S. spaldinaii in Montana:
two populations in the Tobacco Valley (Lincoln
County) , five in the vicinity of Niarada,
Montana (Sanders and Flathead counties) , and
one on Wild Horse Island in Flathead Lake (Lake
County) . This species is also currently known
from fifteen sites in Washington and two in
Idaho.
2. General demographic details (Montana):
a. Dancing Prairie-Tobacco Plains South (001)
1. Area occupied by population; ca. 200
acres .
2. Estimated number of individuals; ca.
10,000 plants in three
subpopulations .
3. Density: Very localized areas have a
fairly dense cover of plants; however
most are scattered individuals.
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
and fruiting plants and seed
production; see (Lesica, 1988),
Appendix B, p. 69.
6
Evidence of population expansion or
decline: Population has declined over
the one-year period 1987-1988
(Lesica, 1988); Appendix B, p. 69.
Wild Horse Island State Park (002)
1. Area occupied by population: ca. 10
acres .
2. Estimated number of individuals: ca.
125-250 plants in three
subpopulations .
3. Density: Scattered.
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
and fruiting plants; see (Lesica,
1988), Appendix A, p. 68.
6. Evidence of population expansion or
decline: Population has declined over
the two-year period 1986-1988
(Lesica, 1988); Appendix A, p. 68.
Black Bear Ranch (003)
1. Area occupied by population: ca. 10
acres .
2. Estimated number of individuals: ca.
30 plants.
3. Density: Scattered.
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
plants observed.
6. Evidence of population expansion or
decline: None.
Mill Pocket Ridge (004)
1. Area occupied by population: ca. 20
acres.
2. Estimated number of individuals:
Seven flowering plants observed in
1983.
3. Density: Scattered.
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
plants observed.
6. Evidence of population expansion or
decline: None.
Crosson Valley (005)
1. Area occupied by population: ca. 30
acres.
2. Estimated number of individuals: 100+
plants in 5 subpopulations.
Density: Scattered.
3
52
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
plants observed.
6. Evidence of population expansion or
decline: Site was revisited in 1988,
but subpopulations were not found or
were much reduced in size.
f. Eureka North (008)
1. Area occupied by population: ca. 2+
acres.
2. Estimated number of individuals: 10 +
plants in two subpopulations.
3. Density: Scattered.
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
plants observed.
6. Evidence of population expansion or
decline: None.
g. Cromwell creek (009)
1. Area occupied by population: ca. 1
acre.
2. Estimated number of individuals: 10
plants observed in 1988.
3. Density: Scattered.
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
plants observed.
6. Evidence of population expansion or
decline: None.
h. Hog Heaven Range
1. Area occupied by population: ca. 1
acre.
2. Estimated number of individuals: 12
plants in two subpopulations in 1988.
3. Density: Scattered.
4. Presence of dispersed seeds: Unknown.
5. Evidence of reproduction: Flowering
plants observed.
6. Evidence of population expansion or
decline: None.
C. Phenology.
1. Patterns: In Montana, the peak flowering
period for S. spaldingii is during the third
and fourth weeks in July. Depending on
climatic conditions, flowers may open in early
July, and on steeper north-facing slopes plants
may extend their flowering period into early
53
August. Fruit and seed maturation occurs in
August, with seed dispersal likely in late
August or early September. Senescence of
flowering stems was observed even as flowers
were opening in the draughty 1988 field season.
It is likely that the basal rosettes normally
senesce as fruits and seeds mature. Seeds of
this species may require cold stratification,
germination (although further studies are
needed) , and germination is likely to occur in
spring (Lesica, 1988); see Appendix C, p. 70.
2. Relation to climate and microclimate: Most of
the known sites for S. soaldinaii in Montana
occur on north to east-facing slopes or draws,
often near pine trees, where snow accumulations
are likely to remain later into the spring.
Silene spaldinaii flowers in late July, and it
is hypothesized that it is dependent on the
extended moisture provided by the microclimate
of these sites.
D. Reproductive ecology.
1. Types of reproduction; Silene spaldinaii does
not reproduce vegetatively ; new individuals
arise from seeds.
2. Pollination.
a. Mechanisms: Silene spaldinaii is
apparently dependent on insects for
pollination. Results of pollination
studies suggest that it is an obligate or
near-obligate outcrossing species (Lesica,
1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.
b. Specific known pollinators: One known
pollinator of S. spaldinaii is the
bumblebee f Borobus sp.), and there are
likely to be others (Lesica, 1988) ; see
Appendix D, p. 71.
c. Other suspected pollinators: Silene
spaldinaii has flowers characteristic of
those pollinated by moths; however, none
were ever documented as visitors (Peter
Lesica, pers. comm.).
d. Vulnerability of pollinators: Bumblebees
are relatively ubiquitous; however,
overgrazing or pesticide use might be
locally detrimental to their populations
(Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.
Seed dispersal.
a. General mechanisms: Silene spaldincii has
no apparent specialized mechanisms for
long-distance seed dispersal. However,
the seeds are very small and somewhat
inflated, which might allow them to be
easily dispersed by wind (Peter Lesica,
pers . comm . ) .
b. Specific agents: Possibly wind. The
fruit develops holes through which seeds
may be ejected when wind causes stem
movement (Peter Lesica, pers. comm.).
c. Vulnerability of dispersal agents and
mechanisms: Unknown.
d. Patterns of propagule dispersal: Unknown.
Seed biology.
a. lUnount and variation of seed production:
Details unknown. Mature fruits appear to
produce large numbers of seed (Lesica,
1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.
b. Seed viability and longevity: Unknown.
c. Dormancy requirements: Unknown.
d. Germination requirements: Seeds of S.
spaldinqii might require a period of cold
stratification for germination (Lesica,
1988) ; see Appendix C, p. 70, for the
results of this study.
e. Percent germination: Although the
germination study emphasized cold
stratification, the percentages given
above indicate that most of the seeds
produced are viable (Lesica, 1988) ; see
Appendix C, p. 70.
Seedling ecology: Lesica (1988) found that
seedlings began growth immediately, and after
60 days had rosettes with 6-14 leaves. These
leaves then senesced, but after approximately
45 days most individuals put out new leaves.
55
It is hypothesized that this senescent period
could correspond with the dry summer months ;
with new growth appearing in the fall after the
onset of cool, moist weather, and a shortening
of the photoperiod. See Appendix C, p. 70, for
complete details of the study.
6. Survival and mortality: Populations of S.
spaldinqii . that in previous years were quite
large, had declined in size range-wide in
Montana according to monitoring studies
(Lesica, 1988) and field surveys in 1988. This
change in abundance is thought to be due at
least in part to current drought conditions.
See Appendices A and B, pp. 68 and 69, for more
complete details.
7. Overall assessment of taxon's reproductive
success: Fluctuations in population sizes have
been attributed to the prevailing drought
conditions in Montana. No juvenile plants were
observed in 1987; however, new adult plants
were observed in 1988. It is possible that
these plants were overlooked the first year,
but it is more likely that the juvenile plants
loose their leaves during the warm, dry summer
months and are thus missed when the transects
are read (Lesica, 1988) . Silene spaldinqii
appears to have good reproductive potential
where there is a stable native habitat, but it
is likely to be affected by drought conditions.
8. Population ecology of the taxon.
A. General summary: Silene spaldinqii occurs on north-
to east-facing slopes and draws, in rough fescue
(Festuca scabrella) grasslands. Cover of grasses at
these sites is generally quite high, and the species
thus appears to tolerate competition and some
shading. Much of the suitable habitat in the
vicinity of the Niarada populations is on private
land that has been heavily grazed. The result has
been a conversion of native grasslands to vast
tracts covered by stands composed of five or six
exotic weedy species. No S. spaldinqii populations
were found in these areas. Thus it may be that
grazing alters the native habitat so as to eliminate
or prevent establishment of the species,
B. Positive and neutral interactions: None known.
C. Negative interactions.
56
1. Herbivores / predators , pests, parasites and
diseases: Predation of flowers and fruits by
caterpillars was observed during pollination
studies, and is likely to be a source of seed
loss (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.
Also, although not apparently directly grazed
by cattle, populations of spaldinaii appear
to be influenced by them indirectly through the
loss of native grasslands.
2. Competition.
a. Intraspecific: Individual plants of S.
spaldinqii appear to be widely distributed
within populations, and there is no
evidence of competition between plants.
b. Interspecific: Populations of S.
spaldinqii have not been found in
otherwise suitable habitats where the
native vegetation has been displaced by
exotic weedy species. This species may be
unable to compete with aggressive weedy
species which have supplanted the native
vegetation; alternatively, the lowered
moisture content of the soils where the
native grasses have been supplanted may
hinder seed germination and establishment
of S. spaldinqii plants.
D. Hybridization.
1. Naturally occurring: This species has
been described as an "unquestionably well-
marked species" (Hitchcock ^ ^. , 1964).
However, several collections at sites in
Oregon, on the edge of its range, have
larger flowers and petal blades, and later
flowering dates; overall, they appear more
similar to S. oreqana. There is the
possibility that hybridization is
occurring in these peripheral populations
(Jimmy Kagan, Oregon Natural Heritage
Program, pers. comm.).
2. Artificially induced: None known.
3. Potential in cultivation: Plants are
currently being maintained in a greenhouse
at the University of Montana, Missoula
(Peter Lesica, pers. comm.).
57
E. Other factors of population ecology: None known.
9. Current land ownership and management responsibility.
A. General nature of ownership: State of Montana,
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks; Confederated
Salish and Kootenai Tribes; private land.
B. Specific landowners (Montana) :
1. State of Montana
Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks
1420 E. 6th Ave.
Helena, MT 59620
2. Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes
P.O. Box 278
Pablo, MT 59855
3. Mr. Geiger
Black Bear Ranch
Niarada (Hot Springs) , MT 59845
4 . George Tripp
Crosson Valley
Niarada (Hot Springs) , MT 59845
5. Elsie Brown
Browns Meadow Rd.
Niarada (Hot Springs) , MT 59845
6 . The Nature Conservancy
Big Sky Field Office
Power Block Building
Box 258
Helena, MT 59824
C. Management responsibility: Same as ownership given
above .
D. Easements, conservation restrictions, etc.: The
Black Bear Ranch (003) site is registered with The
Nature Conservancy. A registered site does not have
any legal protection; however, it does signify that
the owner is aware of the rare element, and will
notify The Nature Conservancy of any proposed
alteration of the habitat, or existing management
practices.
58
10. Management practices and experience.
A. Habitat management.
1. Review of past management and land use
experiences.
a. The following sites in Montana incur some
grazing during parts of the year:
Wild Horse Island (002) (002; horses)
Black Bear Ranch (003)
Mill Pocket Ridge (004)
Crosson Valley (005)
Tobacco Plains North (008)
Cromwell Creek (009)
Hog Heaven Range (010)
b. Related taxa: None known.
c. Other ecologically similar taxa: Not
applicable.
2. Performance under changed conditions; Not
applicable.
3. Current management policies and actions:
Current management is the same as outlined
under past management.
4. Future land use: Proposed areas for a new
airport in the vicinity of Eureka are near the
Dancing Prairie (001) site. When a final site
is picked, a detailed inventory of the area
should be conducted to determine if there are
populations of S. spaldingii in the area, and
to mitigate habitat destruction where possible.
B. Cultivation.
1. Controlled propagation techniques: Seeds of S.
spaldingii are apparently easily germinated,
and plants grow well under greenhouse
conditions (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix C,
p. 70 .
2. Ease of transplanting: Not known.
3. Pertinent horticultural knowledge: Not
reviewed.
59
4. Status and location of presently cultivated
material: Plants are being maintained in the
greenhouse at the University of Montana,
Missoula (Peter Lesica, pers. comm.)«
11. Evidence of threats to survival.
A. Present or threatened destruction, modification, or
curtailment of habitat or range: Silene spaldinaii
occupies habitats in Montana that are threatened by
grazing. Pristine or near-pristine stands of
Palouse prairie are easily lost to overgrazing and
the resultant invasion of exotic weed species. In
other states (Idaho, Oregon and Washington) most of
the suitable habitat has been lost through
conversion of lands to agriculture and to
overgrazing. Much of the habitat where this species
occurs in Montana is privately owned, and thus
without use restrictions. Populations in these
areas may be in danger of extirpation. Only a small
portion of the habitat supporting the largest
population (Dancing Prairie (001)) is secure (owned
and managed by The Nature Conservancy, while the
rest of the area is owned by private individuals.
B. Overutilization for commercial, sporting,
scientific, or educational purposes: No threats
known .
C. Disease, predation, or grazing: In Montana, only
the Wild Horse Island site (002) is not threatened
by overgrazing. All the other sites are lightly to
heavily grazed. In conjunction with the extended
drought, grazing may be even more detrimental to
populations of Silene spaldingii.
D. Inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms: None
known .
E. Other natural or man-made factors: None known.
II. ASSESSMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
12. General assessment of vigor, trends, and status: In
Montana, Silene spaldingii is presently known from ten
sites in Lincoln, Sanders and Flathead counties.
Populations have declined over the past two years,
probably owing to prevailing drought conditions.
Populations may be in danger from livestock grazing.
60
13. Reconunendations for listing or status change.
A. Recoitunendation to U.S. Pish and Wildlife Service:
On the basis of current information summarized in
this status report, it is recommended that Silene
spaldinqii be retained in Category 2 . Populations
in Montana may be threatened by current grazing
practices occurring on private lands. The current
distribution, abundance and condition of populations
in Oregon and Idaho is not well known. Although
there are currently 15 known sites in Washington,
population sizes are low and there are only
approximately 448 plants in the state. Final status
recommendations should be made upon completion of
survey work in Idaho, Oregon and Washington. If
substantial numbers of populations are not located
in the other states, it should be placed in Category
B. Recommendations to other U.S. federal agencies: In
Montana Silene spaldinaii is not currently found on
federal lands.
C. Other status recommendations.
1. Counties and local areas: No recommendations.
2. States: Silene spaldinaii is currently listed
as SI ("critically state endangered") in
Montana, by the Montana Natural Heritage
Program. No change in status is recommended.
3. Other nations; It is recommended that the
Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes monitor
the status of S. spaldinaii populations on
tribal lands. An evaluation of past and
present grazing regimes, with subsequent
adjustments, would aid in maintenance of
populations and available habitat.
4. International: No recommendations.
14. Recommended critical habitat: The complete status of
Silene spaldinaii is not yet known in portions of its
range. Thus, critical habitat is not being recommended
at this time.
15. Conservation/recovery recommendations.
A. General conservation recommendations.
1. Recommendations regarding present or
anticipated activities: The potential effects
of development (Eureka airport) and grazing
pressures should be assessed before any of
these activities are implemented.
2. Areas recommended for protection; Although
currently registered with The Nature
Conservancy, the Wild Horse Island site (002)
should be nominated as a natural area, and
should be given protection since, all other
known sites are on private land.
3. Habitat management recommendations: No
recommendations are being made at this time.
4. Publicity sensitivity: Low.
5. Other recommendations: None.
B. Monitoring activities and research needs: Ongoing
demographic studies to monitor two populations of S.
spaldingii were started, and the results to date are
included in Appendices A and B, pp. 68 and 69.
These studies should be continued indefinitely.
Lesica (1988) suggests that this species is an
obligate or near-obligate outcrosser. Further
insect exclusion studies are needed to clarify these
results (Lesica, 1988) ; see Appendix D, p. 71.
Genetic and taxonomic studies might be helpful, to
determine if this species is hybridizing at the edge
of its range as theorized.
Detailed field surveys are needed in Idaho, Oregon,
and Washington to assess the status of populations
and determine any threats to them.
Interested parties;
Office of Endangered Species
ATTN: Dr. James Miller
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
P.O. Box 25486
Denver Federal Center
Denver, CO 80225
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
ATTN : Carol Taylor
Federal Building, 301 S. Park
P.O. Box 10023
Helena, MT 59626
62
Office of Endangered Species
ATTN; Dr. John Fay
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Washington, D.C. 20240
U.S. Forest Service, Region One
ATTN : Angela Evenden
Federal Building
P.O. Box 7669
Missoula, MT 59807
The Nature Conservancy
ATTN: Dr. Larry Morse
1815 North Lynn Street
Arlington, VA 22209
The Nature Conservancy
ATTN: Dr. Joan Bird and Bernie Hall
Montana/Wyoming Field Office
P.O. Box 258
Helena, MT 59624
Confederated Salish & Kootenai Tribes
Box 278
Pablo, MT 59855
Montana Department of Fish Wildlife and Parks
ATTN : Terry Knupp
P.O. Box 67
Kalispell, MT 59903
Montana Natural Heritage
State Library Building
1515 E. 6th Ave.
Helena, MT 59620
Idaho Natural Heritage Program
Department of Fish and Game
600 S. Walnut Street, Box 25
Boise, ID 83707
Oregon Natural Heritage Program
1205 NW 25th Ave.
Portland, Or 97210
Washington Natural Heritage Program
Department of Natural Resources
Mail Stop EX-13
Olympia, WA 98504
63
British Columbia Rare Plant Program
Botanical Garden
The University of British Columbia
6501 N.W. Marine Dr.
Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1W5
III. INFORMATION SOURCES
17. Sources of Information.
A. Publications.
1. References cited in report: See Literature
Cited (pp. 66-67) •
2. Other publications/sources: None known.
B. Museum collections: Specimens from all but one
Montana population are deposited at the University
of Montana Herbarium in Missoula (MONTU) . The
following list of known herbarium specimens from
Montana is organized by occurrence number:
c.
001
- Lesica ,
P.
(3541)
002
- Lesica,
P.
(2755)
003
- Lesica.
P,
(2166)
004
- Lesica .
P.
(2764)
005
- Lesica,
P.
(2767)
006
- Williams
i, R
.S. f995)
007
- Lau. D.
(74
-63)
008
- Lesica,
P.
(3978)
Schassberaer , L.A.
(249)
009
- Schassberaer, L.A.
(250)
Fieldwork.
1. Surveys conducted:
21-29 July 1983,
16 July 1985,
17 July 1986,
Lesica, P.
Lesica, P.
Lesica, P.
18-29 July 1988, Schassberger , L.A.
Areas surveyed included suitable habitat from
the Tobacco Valley near the Canadian border,
south to Arlee, Montana.
64
D. Knowledgeable individuals:
Bernie Hall
The Nature Conservancy
Montana/Wyoming Field Office
Power Block Bldg.
Box 258
Helena, MT 59824
Peter Lesica
Division of Biology
University of Montana
Missoula, MT 59812
Lisa A. Schassberger
Montana Natural Heritage Program
State Library Building
1515 E. 6th Ave.
Helena, MT 59620
J. Stephen Shelly
Montana Natural Heritage Program
State Library Building
1515 E. 6th Ave.
Helena, MT 59620
E. Other information sources: Color slides and field
forms are on file at the office of the Montana
Natural Heritage Program, and the Montana/Wyoming
Field Office of The Nature Conservancy (see section
11.16. for addresses).
18. Summary of materials on file: All detailed field forms,
maps and color slides are on file at the office of the
Montana Natural Heritage Program. Herbarium vouchers for
Montana populations are deposited at the University of
Montana Herbarium (MONTU) .
IV. AUTHORSHIP
19. Initial authorship:
Lisa A. Schassberger
Montana Natural Heritage Program
State Library Building
1515 E. 6th Ave
Helena, MT 59620
Phone: 406-444-3009
65
20. Maintenance of status report: The Montana Natural
Heritage Program will maintain current information and
update the status report as needed. Should the taxon be
listed as an endangered or threatened species by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service, the Service, through its
Office of Endangered Species (Region 6) , should maintain
the primary file of information, encourage others to
provide new information, and distribute new findings, as
received, to the interested parties (section II. 16.).
V. NEW INFORMATION
21. Record of revisions; Not currently applicable.
66
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Alt, D. and D.W. Hyndinan. 1986. Roadside Geology of Montana.
Mountain Press Pub. Co., Missoula, Montana. 427pp.
Dorn, R.D. 1984. Vascular Plants of Montana. Mountain West Pub.,
Cheyenne, Wyoming. 276 pp.
Heidel, B. 1980. Unpublished report on the status of Silene
spaldinaii . lo pp.
Hitchcock, C.L., Cronquist, A., Ownbey, M. , and J.W. Thompson.
1964. Vascular Plants of the Pacific Northwest. Univ. of
Washington Press, Seattle, Washington.
Hitchcock, C.L., and B. Maguire. 1947. A Revision of the North
American species of Silene. U. of Washington Pub. 13: 28.
Hunt, C.B. 1974. Natural Regions of the United States and Canada.
W.H. Freeman and Co., San Fransisco, California. 725 pp.
Kuchler, A.W. 1964. Potential Natural Vegetation of the
Conterminous United States. American Geographical Society,
New York, New York.
Lesica, P. , Moore, G. , Peterson, D.M. , and J.H. Rumely. 1984.
Vascular Plants of Limited Distribution in Montana. Monograph
No. 2, Montana Acad. Sci., Supplement to the Proceedings, Vol.
43. 61 pp ,
Mueggler, W.F., and W.L. Stewart 1980. Grassland and shrubland
habitat types of western Montana. USDA Forest Service
Technical Report INT-66, Ogden, Utah. 154 pp.
Ross, R.L., and H.E. Hunter 1976. Climax vegetation of Montana
based on soils and climate. USDA Soil Conservation Service,
Bozeman, Montana. 64 pp.
Shelly, J.S. 1988. Plant species of special concern. Montana
Natural Heritage Program, Helena. 12 pp. , mimeo.
Siddall, J.L., Chambers, K.L., and D.H. Wagner. 1979. Rare,
Threatened and Endangered Vascular Plants in Oregon, An
Interim Report. Division of State Lands, Salem, Oregon.
109 pp.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1981. Vascular
Plant Species of Concern in Idaho. Univ. Idaho, FWR
Experiment Station, Moscow, Idaho. Bull. No. 34. 161pp.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1988. Sensitive
Plant Species List for Region 4 in Sensitive Plant Program
Handbook, p. 5.3.3-5.5.10.
U.S. Department of Commerce 1982. Monthly normals of temperature,
precipitation, and heating and cooling degree days, 1951-1980,
Montana. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Climatography of the United States No. 81. 23 pp.
U.S. Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service 1985.
Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: review of
plant taxa for listing as endangered or threatened species.
Federal Register 50 (188): 39526-39584.
Visher, S.S. 1954. Climatic Atlas of the United States. Harvard
Univ. Press, Cambridge Mass. 403 pp.
Watson, S. 1875. Revision of the genus Ceanothus . and
descriptions of new plants, with a synopsis of the western
species of Silene. Proc. Am. Acad. 10: 333-350.
APPENDIX A
MONITORING SILENE SPALDINGII ON
WILD HORSE ISLAND: 1988 PROGRESS REPORT
A-1
Introduction and Methods
On August 18, 1986, two permanent transects were established
on Wild Horse Island in order to monitor a population of Silene
spaldinaii and begin to gather data on the life history of this
rare plant (see Lesica, 1986 for details on the location of the
transects). On August 2, 1988, Bernie Hall and I reread these
transects following methods outlined in Lesica (1987) . Codes
used in recording life history data are as follows:
s
Seedling
Only a basal rosette present
J
Juvenile
A non-reproduct ive individual with only
sterile stems
I
Inflorescence
Records the number of flowering stems per
mature individual
s
Sterile
Records the number of sterile stems per
mature individual
p
Predated
Records the number of flowers suffering
predation
A
Aborted
Records the number of unpredated flowers that
did not produce a mature fruit
F
Fruit
Records the number of flowers that produced a
mature fruit recognized by the presence of a
large, swollen ovary
Results and Discussion
Fecundity data for the two years are presented in Table 1.
The number of plants in the transects decreased by 1/3 from 1986
to 1988. In addition, the total number of flowers and fruits
produced also declined dramatically. Part of this decline is due
to the presence of fewer mature plants, and part is due to a
decrease in the number of flowers produced by individual plants.
The mean rate of abortion stayed approximately the same.
A comparison of individual plant performance between the
two years are presented in Table 2, Thirteen plants present in
1986 could not be located in 1988, and four plants not recorded
in 1986 were present in 1988. As measured by flower and fruit
production, all plants decreased in vigor.
Much of the decline in plant vigor indicated by these
A-2
results can probably be attributed to the dry 1987 fall, and hot
dry conditions during the summer of 1988. The loss of 13
individuals from the transects is reason for concern if these
plants have actually died; however, it is possible that above
ground parts senesced and were blown away by the wind before the
transects were read. The four new plants may be the result of
recruitment, or may be individuals that were missed when the
transects were read in 1986. Seedlings could have been missed
if rosette leaves senesce in early or mid-summer; perhaps before
the transects were read. Continued monitoring will help answer
these questions.
Literature Cited
Lesica, P. 1986. Monitoring of a population of the rare plant
Silene spaldinqii on Wild Horse Island. Report prepared for
The Nature Conservancy, Helena, MT.
Lesica, P. 1987. A technique for monitoring nonrhizomatous
perennial plant species in permanent belt transects.
Natural Areas Journal 7: 65-68.
Prepared by: Peter Lesica
The Nature Conservancy
Montana/Wyoming Office
Box 258
Helena, MT 59624
September, 1988
A-3
Table 1. Summary of fecundity data for Silene spaldinaii in the
Wild Horse Island monitoring transects in 1986 and
1988.
1986 1988
Total number of plants 23 14
Number of non-reproductive plants 0 7
Number of seedlings 0 0
Total number of unpredated flowers 145 19
Total number of fruits 78 0
Mean number fruits/mature plant 3.4 0
Mean number predated flowers/mature plant 1.4 0.1
Mean number aborted flowers/mature plant 2.9 2.7
Mean number of flowers/mature plant 6.5 2.9
Table 2. Performance of individual Silene spaldinaii plants in
the monitoring transects between 1986 and 1988.
Transect 1
Plot
1986
1988
2
I1-F6-A8
I1-A3
16
Il-Fl
I1-A3
17
I2-P6
I1-A3
18
—
I1-A3
34
I2-F1-A6
J
35
I1-F1-A4
—
41
I1-F2-A2
—
45
I1-F15
—
48
I1-F9-A5
J
49
I2-F5-A1
—
50
I1-F2-A3
J
Transect
2
I2-F5-A5
J
26
I1-F5-A7
—
27
I1-F7-A3
—
28
I2-P2
—
30
I1-F3-A2
—
31
I1-F2-A6
—
32
—
I1-A3
32
I1-F2-A4
J
34
—
I1-A2
35
Il-Fl
I1-P1-A2
36
I1-F4-A1
—
3 6
—
J
41
I2-F3-A6
—
44
I1-F2-A2
J
45
I1-F2-A2
—
46
Il-Pl
—
69
APPENDIX B.
MONITORING SILENE SPALDINGII ON
DANCING PRAIRIE PRESERVE: 1988 PROGRESS REPORT
B-1
Introduction and Methods
On July 23, 1987 four permanent transects were established
on the proposed Dancing Prairie Preserve in order to monitor a
population of Silene spaldinaii and begin to gather data on the
life history of this rare plant. On August 1, 1988, Bernie Hall
and I reread these transects following the methods outlined in
Lesica (1987). Codes used in recording life history data are as
follows :
s
Seedling
Only a basal rosette present
J
Juvenile
A non-reproductive individual with only
sterile stems
I
Inflorescence
Records the number of flowering stems per
mature individual
s
Sterile
Records the number of sterile stems per
mature individual
p
Predated
Records the number of flowers suffering
predation
A
Aborted
Records the number of unpredated flowers that
did not produce a mature fruit
F
Fruit
Records the number of flowers that produced a
mature fruit recognized by the presence of a
large, swollen ovary
Results and Discussion
Fecundity data for the two years are presented in Table 1.
The number of plants in the transects decreased by nearly 1/2
from 1987 to 1988. In addition the total number of flowers and
fruits produced declined by nearly an order of magnitude. Part
of this decline is due to the presence of fewer mature plants,
and part is due to a decrease in the number of mature fruit
produced per mature plant. The mean number of flowers per mature
plant stayed approximately the same.
A comparison of individual plant performance between the two
years are presented in Table 2. Twenty-seven plants present in
1987 could not be located in 1988, and nine plants not recorded
in 1987 were present in 1988. As measured by flower and fruit
production, nearly all the plants declined in vigor.
Much of the decline in plant vigor indicated by these
results can probably be attributed to the dry 1987 fall, and hot,
B-2
dry conditions during the summer of 1988. The loss of 27
individuals from the transects is reason for concern if these
plants have actually died; however, it is possible that above¬
ground parts senesced and were blown away by the wind before the
transects were read. The nine new plants may be the result of
recruitment, or may be individuals that were missed when the
transects were read in 1986. Seedlings could have been missed
if the rosette leaves senesced in early or late summer; perhaps
before the transects were read. Continued monitoring will help
answer these questions.
Literature Cited
Lesica, P. 1987. A technique for monitoring nonrhizomatous
perennial plant species in permanent belt transects.
Natural Areas Journal 7: 65-68.
Prepared by: Peter Lesica
The Nature Conservancy
Montana/Wyoming Office
Box 258
Helena, MT 59624
September, 1988
B-3
Table 1. Summary of fecundity data for Silene spaldinaii in the
Dancing Prairie monitoring transects in 1987 and 1988.
1987 1988
Total number of plants 37 19
Number of non-reproductive plants 4 11
Number of seedlings 2(?) 0
Total number of unpredated flowers 226 37
Total number of fruits 212 21
Mean number fruits/mature plant 6.4 2.6
Mean number predated flowers/mature plant 0 0.6
Mean number aborted flowers/mature plant 0.2 2.6
Mean number flowers/mature plant 6.8 5.2
Table 2. Performance of individual Silene spaldinaii plants in
the monitoring transects between 1987 and 1988.
10 I1-F4
14 I1-F12
29 I1-A3
31 J
33 I1-F12
37 I1-F2
44 S(?)
45 I1-F7
47 I1-F5
5 -
7 I1-F3
8 -
10 -
41 I1-F3
41 Il-FlO
42 J
45 Il-Fl
46 I1-F6
46 -
47 J
47 -
48 I1-F3
48 Il-Fl
49 Il-FlO
50 I1-F5
Transect 2
J
J
J
J
I1-P3
Il-Al
J
I1-A3-F2
J
J
Transect 1
I1-A5
B-4
Transect 3
1
I1-F4
J
5
I1-F5
- -
10
I1-F5
—
15
I1-F8
—
15
I1-A3
—
16
J
—
23
I1-F8
J
26
I1-F22
—
26
I1-F3
—
27
I1-F12
I1-P3
30
—
J
37
S(?)
- ?
Transect
5
Il-Fll
—
9
J
—
10
I1-F5
J
16
I1-F6
- -
18
I1-A2
—
23
I1-F5
—
23
I1-F12
- -
24
—
I1-A7-P1-F8
31
—
I1^P2~F3
40
I2-F22
I2“A5«P1-F8
4
70
APPENDIX C.
Germination Requirements and Seedling
Biology of Spalding's Catchfly (Silene spaldinaiil
C-1
In order to properly manage for the continued existence of a
rare plant, it is essential to understand the entire life history
of the species. The objectives of this study were to determine
the germination requirements and seedling life history of
Spalding's catchfly f Silene spaldinaii^ .
Methods
I collected seed from populations of Spalding's catchfly at
Wild Horse Island in Lake County and the Tobacco Valley in
Lincoln County, Montana. Seed was taken from ripe fruits, dried
in paper envelopes and stored at room temperature. I sterilized
seeds in a solution of 20% laundry bleach for 15 minutes, rinsed
them thoroughly in distilled water and placed them on saturated
filter paper in petri dishes. Each petri dish contained 50-100
seeds. Two dishes were placed in the dark in a refrigerator at
ca . 3 C, and two dishes were kept at room temperature with a 10-
hour light regime. After 30 days I took the dishes from the
refrigerator and kept them at room temperature for five days. At
the end of this time I counted the germinated seeds and estimated
percent germination in all the dishes.
I placed germinated seeds in small pots of garden soil and
raised the seedlings in the University of Montana, Botany
greenhouse. Potted plants were placed in the greenhouse in late
January, watered at regular intervals and observed through
September of the same year.
Results and Discussion
Less than 5% of the Silene seed in the room temperature
treatment had germinated at the end of the 35-day period, while
60-70% germination was achieved with the 30-day cold
stratification treatment. These results suggest that Spalding's
catchfly requires cold stratification for germination, and under
normal circumstances would germinate in early spring.
Seedlings began growth immediately, and within 30 days most
rosettes had 4-6 leaves. At 60 days most rosettes had 6-14
leaves. After this two-month period, the rosettes ceased to
grow. The leaves remained green for another 60 days, and then
the rosettes senesced. After approximately 45 days many of the
senesced individuals put out new leaves. This occurred in late
September after the weather had cooled. Results of this study
suggest that, under field conditions, seedlings of Spalding's
catchfly germinate in the spring and grow while the soil is moist
and the weather is relatively cool. Plants are senescent during
the warm, dry, summer months and then revive with the onset of
C-2
cool, moist weather and/or with a change in photoperiod in the
early fall.
The results of these studies may explain why seedlings of
Spalding ' s catchf ly have never been detected in the permanent
monitoring transects on Wild Horse Island and at Dancing Prairie
when they have been read in late July or early August. Young
plants may spend the summer months hidden underground. These
results also suggest that if fire is to be used as a management
tool, burning during the summer months would have the least
impact on seedlings of Spalding's catchf ly.
Prepared by: Peter Lesica
The Nature Conservancy
Montana/Wyoming Office
P.O. Box 258
Helena, MT 59624
October, 1988
71
APPENDIX D.
A Ereliniinaiy Stufy of the PoUinaticn
Biolcjgy of Spalding's Catchfly in the Tcbacxx) Valley,
Lincoln Qxmty, Humtana
INIIRCCDCITICN
Conservation of rare species is one of the principle goals of The
Nature Conservancy. Frequently, this requires more than sitrply protecting
poptilations of a species. In the case of plants that are obligate
outcrossers, it is also necessary to protect or enhance the habitat of the
plant's pollinators in order to ensure continued recruitment.
Spaldii^'s catchfly fSilene spaldinaii Wats.) is a perennial herb that
is potentially threaten^ or endar^ered throughout its range in the
Pacific Northwest. It does not reproduce vegetatively; all new
individuals must start frcm seed. It occurs in relatively pristine
bunchgrass grasslands in the Palouse Region of eastern Washington,
northeastern Oregon, adjacent Idaho and northwestern Montana (Heidel 1980,
lesica, field observations). Flowers of Spalding's catchfly are
relatively large (ca. 2 cm long) and inconspicuously colored with vbite
petals that are mostly enclosed by the green, broadly cylindrical calyx.
At anthesis the flowers are presented horizontally in an open cyme. These
characteristics suggest that Spalding's catchfly is adapted for
pollination by bees or hovering moths (Faegri and van der Fiji 1971) ;
however, the ^llinators of this species are not currently known. In
addition, it is not known to vhat extent Spalding's catchfly is capable of
self-fertilization.
The purpose of this study is to determine the pollinators of
Spalding's catchfly on The Nature Conser\^cy's proposed Dancing Prairie
Preserve in northwestern Montana and to discover the extent to Which this
species is capable of setting seed in the absence of pollinators.
MEHODS
I observed pollinators of Spalding's catchfly at the proposed Dancing
Prairie Preserve in northeastern Lincoln County, Montana on July 12-14,
1988. I spent a total of 28 hours watching a large patch (ca. 30 plants)
of Spalding's catchfly in the north-central area of section 26. Part of
this time was also spent itaking observations at other patches in the area.
Since many moth pollinators are crepuscular, on all three days I nwdp
observations during the early momirgs and at dusk. Weather during this
three-day period was cold, rainy and windy.
In order to determine Wiether Spalding's catchfly can set seed in the
absence of pollinators, I excluded insects from the inflorescences of 21
plants in four colonies in the north-central area of section 26. For each
experimental plant, I removed all flowers that had already opened as well
as all insect predators that I detected. I then placed a fine-mesh nylon
bag around the inflorescence ard tied it closed at the base. These bags
allow flowers to open ard develop in partial sunlight while excluding any
insects larger than 1 ram wide. Plants were bagged on Jxoly 14, 1988.
Seventeen days later on August 1, I collected the bagged inflorescences
D-2
and recx»rded the total number of f lowers, the number that had been
predated and the number that had matured fruit. I recognized mature fruit
by the presence of a large, swollen ovary. I collected this same
information for 25 randomly selected controls (unbagged plants) growing in
the same area. Inflorescences of both the bagged plants and the controls
were placed in paper bags to allow conplete ripening of fruit and an
estimation of seed production. I dissected and examined flowers at
different stages after anthesis in order to determine the relative
ripening times of anthers and stigmata.
On numerous occasions during the course of the study I observed
caterpillars (presumably lepidopteran larvae) feeding on the flowers of
Spalding's catchfly. These 2 cm-long larvae enter the base of a flower
and consume the ovary and other flower parts and then move to another
flower on the same inflorescence. I believe that these larvae are
responsible for most or all of the flower predation recorded in this
study. I atteirpted to remove all of these predators from the experimental
plants at the beginning of the study.
RESUinS AND DISDSSIOf
Presumably due to the inclement weather, I observed only three
pollination episodes during the three days of the study. On these
occasions I observed bumblebees (Barbus sp.) sequentially enter the
flowers of at least three plants of Spalding's catchfly. I did not
observe any other flying insects visiting the flowers. I collected one of
these bees and returned it to the laboratory. Pollen collected from the
body of this bee matched well with pollen taken from herbarium specimens
of Spalding's ratchfly. These results suggest that bunblebees can be
effective pollinators of Spalding's catchfly. Further studies during
periods of good weather are needed to confirm and extend these results.
Examination of numerous flowers indicates that Spalding's catchfly is
protandrous. others mature and dehisce pollen first. After vhich the
styles expand in length, ard the stigmas spread apart and became
receptive.
The nylon mesh bags of seven of the 21 experimental plants were chewed
open during the course of the study. I found the exoskeleton of a
grasshopper in one of the opened bags, and I suspect that they were
responsible for the damage. Since the inflorescences of these plants were
open to pollinators for part of the experiment, they have not been
included in the following analyses.
Fruit production data for the remaining 14 experimental plants and the
25 controls are presented in Table 1. There were a total of 161 flowers
on the 25 control plants. Of these, 40 (25%) were lost to predation. Of
the remaining 121 flowers, 91 (75%) produced mature fruit. There were a
total of 77 flowers produced by the ei^rimental plants. Of these, 3 (4%)
were lost to predation. Of the remaining 74 flowers, 12 (17%) develop^
mature fruits. Only one or two of the "mature" fruits collected from the
experimental plants actually contained ripened seed after they had been
stored in a paper bag for 1 month. Mature fruits from control plants
contained copious seed. These results suggest that Spalding's catchfly is
D-3
an obligate or near-obligate outcrosser; however, I feel that an expanded
study specifically examining seed set of bagged plants is necessary to
confirm these results.
The results of this study suggest that Spalding's catchfly is an
obligate or near-obligate outcrossing species capable of being pollinated
by buittolebees. Although bumblebees are common and ubiquitous, overgrazing
by livestock can have a detrimental effect on bee populations and
consequently on the reproductive effort of the plants they pollinate
(Sugden 1985) . In the absence of severe overgrazing and pesticide use,
seed production by Spalding's catchfly will probably not be curtailed by
pollinator limitation.
LEHERMURE CEEH)
Faegri, K. and L. van der Fiji. 1971. The principle of pollination
ecology. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Heidel, B. 1980. Report on the conservation status of Silene
spaldingii. Report prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Office of Endangered Species, Portland, OR.
Sugden, E. A. 1985. Pollinators of Astacaaalus monoensis Bameby
(Fabaceae) : new host records; potential ittpact of sheep grazing. Great
Basin Naturalist 45: 299-312.
Prepared by: Peter Lesica
The Nature Conservancy
lytontana/V^oming Office
Box 258
Helena, MT 59812
September, 1988
D-4
Table 1.
Fruit maturation
for bagged and control plants of Spalding's
catchfly. The fourth column is
the percent of unpredated flowers
that developed into fruit.
# flowers
# flowers
# mature
# Mature fruit/
aborted
predated
fruit
# unpredated flowers
CONTROL PIANTS
1
2
2
67
0
3
2
100
0
3
3
100
1
6
5
83
2
2
4
67
2
0
4
100
0
1
9
100
3
1
0
0
0
0
5
100
0
0
8
100
0
1
4
100
2
0
2
50
1
2
0
0
0
0
7
100
1
0
5
83
4
0
5
56
1
1
3
75
2
0
2
50
3
6
4
57
0
1
4
100
0
1
2
100
2
0
1
33
4
2
6
75
0
6
1
100
1
2
3
75
BAGGED PLANTS
3
0
3
50
4
1
0
0
3
1
2
40
7
0
0
0
3
1
0
0
3
0
2
40
6
0
1
14
5
0
0
0
3
0
1
25
6
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
6
0
3
33
5
0
0
0
D-5
Table 2. Fruit set and flower predation of fruits for bagged and
control plants of Spalding's catchfly.
Total number of flowers
Number of predated flowers
Number of flowers producing fruit
Bagged
77
3 (4%)
12
Control
161
40 (25%)
91
unpredated flowers producing fruit
17
75
DISTRIBUTION LIST
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODEs PDCAR0U1B0.008
NAME: SILENE SPALDINBII
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
MARGMUM: 10 TENTEN: 4,2 I DENT: Y EORANK : B
SURVEYSITE; TOBACCO PLAINS NORTH
EORANKCOMM: 1988, DRY YEAR - POPULATION MAY BE LARGER
SURVEYDATE: 1986-07-17 LASTOBS; 1988-07-18 FIRSTOBS: 1986 6RANK ; G2
SRANK: SI STATE; MT COUNTYNAME: MTLINC
QUADCODE: 4811581
QUADNAME: EUREKA NORTH PRECISION; SC
LAT ; 485928 LONG; 1150454 S: 485926 N; 485930 E: 1150445 W: 1150501
TOWNRANGE: 037N0E7W SECTION: 11 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM ; NW4
PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED: 17010101 RIVERREACH:
DIRECTIONS; TOBACCO PLAINS, ABOUT 8 MILES N.OF EUREKA. NORTHERN POP¬
ULATION NORTH OF ROAD EXTENDING UP TO AND OVER CANADIAN
BORDER.
GENDESC; IN GRASSLANDS ON LOW, NORTH-FACING SLOPES; WITH FESTUCA
IDAHOENSIS, FESTUCA SCABRELLA.
ELEV: 2700 SIZE: 3
EODATA: LOCALLY COMMON. 2ND SUBPOPULATION WITH 6 PLANTS, FLOWERING
IN 1988.
COmENJSt
NONE.
nACODEl s
PRIVATEOWNMTUS
CONTAIfMEDl s
MACODEEs
COMTAINEDE:
MACODE32
CONTAINED3:
ADLMASx
f^ORELAN s
MOREPROTs
MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE:
S I TENAME :
OWNER;
OWMERCOMM :
PROTCOMM:
MGMTCOMM :
MONITOR; MONITORNUM:
BESTSOURCE: LESICA, P. (3978), 1986. SPECIMEN #104445 UM. SCHASSBERGER
L.A. 1988. SPECIMEN # 249 MONTU.
SOURCECODE; B86LESUMf1TUB PNDLES0iiiTUS FSSSCH06MTUS PNDSCH02MTUS B88SCHUMMTUS
DATASENS; N BOUNDARIES: Y PHOTOS; Y OWNERINFO:
TRANSCRIBR: 87-08-17 JE6 CDREV: Y MAPPER; 87-08-19 JEG QC: Y
UPDATE: 88-12-02 LAS
ELEMENT OCCURRENCE RECORD
EOCODE: PDCAR0UiS0.009
NAME: SILENE SPALDINGII
COMNAME: SPALDING CAMPION
MARGNUM: 2 TENTEN ; 8,10 I DENT; Y EORANK : C
SURVEYS I TE: CROMWELL CREEK
EORANKCOMM; HEAVILY GRAZED PASTURE
SURVEYDATE : 1988-07-25 LASTOBS: 1988-07-88 FIRSTOBS: 1988 GRANK: G2
SRANK; SI STATE: MT COUNT YM AME ; MTFLAT
QUADCODE; 4711485
QUADNAME: KOFFORD RIDGE PRECISION: SC
LAT; 475233 LONS; 1143056 S; 0 N: 0 E: 0 W;
TOWNRANGE; 025N083W SECTION: 35 MERIDIAN; PR TRSCOMM : SE4
PHYSPROV: NR WATERSHED: 17010218 RIVERREACH; 1701081206400.00
DIRECTIONS: CA. 4.1 AIR MILES NE OF NIARADA? TRAVEL CA. 4.3 MILES N OF
HIGHWAY SS ON CROMWELL CREEK ROAD, SE OF ROAD ON HILLSIDE
JUST BELOW TREELINE.
GENDESC: PROTECTED DRAW ON SLOPE IN GRAVELLY SILT LOAM WITH FESTUCA
SCABRELLA AND ROSA SPP.
ELEV; 3420 SIZE: 1
EODATA: 10 PLANTS FLOWERING, BUT DRYING OUT FROM THE BOTTOM UP.
COMMENTS: VOUCHER - SCHASSBERGER , L.A. (850), 1988, MONTU.
MACODEl: PRI VATEOWNMTUS CONTAINED!; Y MAC0DE2 : CONTAINED2:
MAC0DE3; C0NTAINED3; ADLMAS; MORELAN; MQREPROT ;
MOREMGMT: Z SITECODE;
SI TEN AME;
OWNER: ELSIE BROWN
OWNERCOMM:
PROTCOMM;
MGMTCOMM :
MONITOR: MONITORNUM:
BESTSOURCE: SCHASSBERGER, L.A. 1988. FIELD SURVEYS IN LAKE, SANDERS,
FLATHEAD AND LINCOLN COUNTIES OF 18-89 JULY.
SOURCECODE: FSeSCH06MTUS PNDSCH0EriTUS S88SCHUMMTUS
DATASENS: BOUNDARIES; Y PHOTOS; Y OWNER INFO;
TRANSCRIBR: 88-08-04 LAS CDREV : Y MAPPER; 88-08-04 LAS QC; Y
UPDATE; 88-08-18 MEZ
record id;
X93041311255
used:
19930413112556.0
type rec :
a
rec stat:
n
bib Ivl;
m
enc Ivl; r
desc cat:
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date ent:
930413
type date:
s
date 1; 1988
date 2:
country :
mtu
language :
eng
mod rec:
cat source:
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contents :
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int level:
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m . e . body?
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festschrift?
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conf . pub?
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fiction? 0
>040 MtiMt
>043 n-us-mt
>082 04 583.152 20
>100 10 Roe, Lisa Schassberger .
>245 1 Report on the conservation status of Silene spaldingii, a candidate
threatened species / Lisa Ann Schossberger .
>260
>300
>500
>500
>500
>504
>650
>650
>650
Helena, Mont. : Montana Natural Heritage Program [1988].
71 leaves : ill., maps ; 28 cm.
Abridged
Cover title
”22 December, 1988”
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 66-67) .
Botany — Montana.
Rare plants — Montana.
Silene spaldingii — Montana.
>710 20 Montana Natural Heritage Program.
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